Traffic Control for Construction Workers

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1. Slide 1

   WORK ZONE

   • Safety Training
   • This material was produced under grant SH-19504-SH9 from the Occupational Safety and Health Administration, U.S.
   • Department of Labor. It does not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the U.S. Department of Labor, nor does mention of trade names, commercial products, or organizations imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. This free training was made possible through a Susan Harwood Grant from the US Department of Labor’s Occupational Safety & Health
   • Administration and the support of the Associated General Contractors of ND.
2. Slide 2

   TRAFFIC CONTROL FOR CONSTRUCTION

   • WORKERS
   • Presented by the
   • North Dakota Safety Council
3. Slide 3

   DISCLAIMER

   • This material was produced under grant SH-19504- SH9 from the Occupational Safety and Health Administration, U.S. Department of Labor. It does not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the U.S. Department of Labor, nor does it mention of trade names, commercial products, or organizations imply endorsement by the U.S. Government.
4. Slide 4

   INTRODUCTIONS

   • Name
   • Employer
   • Job Responsibilities
   • Years of Experience
5. Slide 5

   HOUSEKEEPING

   • No Smoking
   • Cell phones and pagers – OFF or Vibrate Location of –
   • Restrooms
   • Emergency Exits
   • 5-10 minute breaks about every hour or two Lunch on your own – 1 hour
   • Refreshments
6. Slide 6

   TAKE NOTES

   • Notes help you grasp information faster
   • Notes may be used on the final test along with your MUTCD
7. Slide 7

   Over the next 48 hours

   • WHY NOTES?
   • You retain only 10% of what you hear
   • You retain only 30% of what you hear and see.
   • You retain 70% of what you hear, see and take notes on.
8. Slide 8

   SECTION: 1

   • Course
   • Introduction
9. Slide 9

   WHY IS TRAFFIC CONTROL

   • IMPORTANT?
10. Slide 10

    WHY ARE WE TRAINING ON TRAFFIC

    • CONTROL?
    • Save Lives – yours and others
    • Traffic Control Plans
    • Reduces Liability
    • Cities
    • Counties
    • Contractors
    • Project Owners
    • It’s the LAW in many States and OSHA requires training for all construction workers 1926.21(b)(2)
11. Slide 12

    WORK ZONE ACCIDENTS

    • 2-3% of all reported accidents occur in or around work zones
    • Driver Inattention and excessive speeds leading cause
    • More victims were automobile drivers and passengers than workers
    • Higher percentage of side swipe and rear end accidents
    • Over 40% of accidents occur in transition area ~ 1000 FATALITIES annually; 20% workers
12. Slide 13

    NATIONAL STATISTICS

    • Source: Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS)
    • 2009 ARF, NHTSA
13. Slide 14

    HIGHWAY WORKER FATALITIES

    • Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics
14. Slide 15

    HIGHWAY EQUIPMENT RELATED

    • FATALITIES
    • Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics
15. Slide 16

    Eye level 6 ft - 3 in above ground level

    • 16’ 0”
    • 8’ 2”
    • 8’ 2”
    • 12’ 5”
    • 3’ 10”
    • 12’ 1”
    • 18’ 7”
    • Bulldozer
16. Slide 17

    Eye level 10 ft - 0 in above ground level

    • 28’11”
    • 14’ 8”
    • 16’ 2”
    • 14’ 3”
    • 14’ 10”
    • 21’ 11”
    • Front End Loader
17. Slide 18

    Eye level 5 ft - 5 in above ground level

    • 11’ 7”
    • 11’ 5”
    • 21’ 8”
    • 4’ 10”
    • 6’ 1”
    • 3’ 1”
    • 6’ 3”
    • Bobcat/Skid Steer
18. Slide 19

    ND WORK ZONE FATALITIES

    • Zero
    • Fatalities in 2009
    • Source: NDDOT
19. Slide 20

    WORK ZONE SAFETY CAMPAIGN

20. Slide 21

    WORK ZONE FINES

    • Took affect in August of 2003
    • $80 – Active Work Zone
    • 1,300 tickets issued
    • Speeding
    • Following to closely
    • Passing in no-passing zones
21. Slide 22

    Good Communication! (i.e. advance warning, safe path of travel)

    • HOW DO WE MAKE WORK ZONES
    • SAFER?
    • Traffic Control Serves to provide Motorist, Pedestrian and worker safety by clearly:
    • Warning
    • Guiding
    • Separating
22. Slide 23

    SECTION 2

    • Traffic Control
    • Standards
23. Slide 24

    COURSE OBJECTIVE

    • Introduce the Basic Elements of Work Zone Traffic Control
    • Develop a working knowledge of Part 6 of the MUTCD
    • Develop Traffic Control Supervisor skills including:
    • Planning
    • Installing
    • Monitoring
    • Modifying and Removing
24. Slide 25

    BASIC CONCEPT OF STANDARD WORK ZONE TRAFFIC CONTROL

    • Consistent
    • Efficient – Minimize impact of Traffic
    • SAFE
    • We accomplish this through:
    • Prior Planning & Designing
    • Proper Installation
    • Daily Monitoring
25. Slide 26

    WATCH PERSON

    • Shall be provided to patrol the project to assure that the traffic control devices are properly placed in accordance with the traffic control plans and standards
    • Project shall be patrolled at least twice daily
    • On weekends and days when no work is in progress, once each morning and once each evening
    • Provide documentation to the Engineer of the watchperson’s hours and activities
26. Slide 27

    INFORMATION ON STANDARDS

    • Federal – MUTCD, contains the Minimum standards applicable to All streets and highways
    • State/Local – go beyond Minimum. All states are required to have a manual which conforms with the MUTCD
    • OSHA – has adopted the MUTCD by reference
    • December 11, 2002 – Final Rule
    • Regional Emphasis Program REP - Region 8 – Traffic Controls
    • ARRA funded Projects - Target Inspections
27. Slide 28

    What is the MUTCD?

    • The Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices (MUTCD) was developed to create standardized control during roadway construction, maintenance, and utility (work zone) operations.
28. Slide 29

    MUTCD

    • Changes as technology and society changes
    • Developed by the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA)
    • Affects all streets and highways that are open to public travel
    • Applies to “Everyone” working on those streets or highways
29. Slide 30

    OSHA REQUIREMENTS

    • Can enforce worker safety requirements in the MUTCD
    • OSHA’s jurisdiction:
    • Worker safety
    • High-visibility clothing
    • Hardhats
    • Safety shoes
    • Currently reviewing traffic control as a “known hazard”
    • State Plan States and Federal Jurisdiction States
30. Slide 31

    ABBREVIATIONS

    • MUTCD
    • Manual on Uniform Traffic
    • Control Devices
    • DOT
    • Department of
    • Transportation
    • TCP
    • Traffic Control Plan
    • TTCZ
    • Temporary Traffic Control
    • Zone
    • (Work Zone)
31. Slide 32

    DEFINITIONS PAGE 1A-10 MUTCD

    • Upstream Traffic
    • Downstream Traffic
    • No allowance for deviation –Minimum requirement
    • Should….an advisory condition – “Best Practice”
    • Traffic leaving the work zone
    • Shall…..a mandatory condition
    • Traffic coming at the work zone
    • recommended
    • May … a permissive condition
    • Optional & Allowed
32. Slide 33

    “SHALL” LANGUAGE IN STANDARDS

    • “Traffic control devices or their supports shall not bear any advertising message or any other message that is not related to traffic control.”
    • Standard identified in the MUTCD as minimum!
    • BOLD FONT
    • Are cited directly by OSHA
33. Slide 34

    “SHOULD” LANGUAGE FOR GUIDANCE STATEMENTS

    • “Additional traffic control devices and criteria contained in other Parts of the Manual should be considered for use on low volume roads.”
    • OSHA and some attorneys use should language as a basis for citations (General Duty see 6D.03[F.]) or questioning of program strength if recommendations –SHOULD – are not followed consistently
34. Slide 35

    “MAY” LANGUAGE FOR OPTION

    • STATEMENTS
    • “Temporary traffic barriers, including shifting portable or moveable barrier installations to accommodate varying directional motor vehicle traffic demands, may be used to separate two way motor vehicle traffic.”
35. Slide 36

    Support Statements in MUTCD

    • Periodically throughout the MUTCD support statements appear for background information and to provide a basis of understanding of that section.
36. Slide 37

    SECTION 3

    • FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES
    • OF
    • TRAFFIC CONTROL
37. Slide 38

    FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES

    • Two Standards
    • 1. “Control of the road users through a temporary traffic control zone shall be an essential part of highway construction, utility work, maintenance operations and incident management”
    • 2. “All temporary traffic control devices shall be removed as soon as practical when they are no longer needed.” “When work is suspended for short periods of time, temporary traffic control devices that are no longer appropriate shall be removed or covered.”
38. Slide 39

    FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLE

    • Motorist, Pedestrian and Worker safety in temporary traffic control zones should be an integral and high priority element of every project, from planning to construction phases.
    • Road user movements should be inhibited as little as practical,
    • Drivers will only adjust their speed if they clearly perceive a need to do so.
39. Slide 40

    FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLE

    • Drivers, Pedestrians should be guided in a clear and positive manner
    • Provide a roadside recovery area or clear zones
    • Store work equipment, workers’ private vehicles, materials and debris away form roadway to minimize getting hit. (6B.01)
40. Slide 41

    FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLE

    • “Each person whose actions affect TTC zone safety should receive training appropriate to level of decisions they have to make.”
    • OSHA 1926.21(b)(2) training required for all construction workers
41. Slide 42

    FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLE AND TRAFFIC CONTROL MANAGEMENT PLANS (TCMP)

    • Depending on scope of the project each State DOT complies with requires relating to projects by having established programs relating to:
    • Public Relations and clean communications
    • Audit of work zones (internal and external)
    • Traffic control plans review process
    • Systemic approach to traffic control including ability to manage impacts to the entire system (ITS = 1 solution)
42. Slide 43

    GOOD PUBLIC RELATIONS?

43. Slide 44

    SECTION 4

    • Human Factors -
    • Understanding Your
    • Customer
44. Slide 45

    Human barriers lead to At-Risk Behavior

    • Misleading practice of relying on common sense.
    • Safety is a continuous battle with human nature.
    • The power of peer pressure.
    • The power of authority.
    • False Perception of Risk.
    • Familiarity breeds complacency.
45. Slide 46

    What are the Human Barriers?

    • Misleading practice of relying on common sense.
    • Individual intuition is acquired by personal experience and education.
    • The record demonstrates “common sense” isn’t all that common.
46. Slide 47

    What are the Human Barriers?

    • Safety is a continuous battle with human nature.
    • Most people, young and old, do not think they will experience an accident. Why?
    • Fortunately, it’s rare that an injury accident follows unsafe behavior.
    • “It can’t happen to me.”
47. Slide 48

    What are the Human Barriers?

    • The power of peer pressure.
    • People will often deny reality and their own judgment in order to conform to a larger group.
    • The bigger the group, the stronger the influence.
    • Just one dissenter can often prevent another from succumbing to potentially dangerous conformity at work.
    • “That’s the way everyone else always does it.”
48. Slide 49

    What are the Human Barriers?

    • The power of authority.
    • People, especially the young, will blindly follow the instruction of an authority figure even when the result can be surely harmful.
    • Obedience study, Prof. Stanley Milgram, Yale University.
    • “I was just following orders.”
49. Slide 50

    What are the Human Barriers?

    • 5. False Perception of Risk.
    • Workers have to rely on their 5 basic senses to influence their thinking about identifying and responding to a potential risk.
    • These everyday sensations are dramatically affected by many personal factors that influence our perception of a risk.
    • The perception of risk is usually much lower than actual risk.
50. Slide 51

    What are the Human Barriers?

    • Familiarity breeds complacency.
    • The more we know about a risk, the less it threatens us.
    • Safety staff will bombard us with training, memos, signs, slogans, and verbal warnings but it’s still hard to compete with a complacency-induced familiarity caused by working close to a hazard for a long time without incidence.
    • “We’ve been doing it this way for 25 years and no one’s been hurt yet.”
51. Slide 52

    CAUSES OF INCIDENTS

    • Driver performance
    • Environmental conditions
    • Weather
    • Lighting
    • Road surface
52. Slide 53

    CAUSES OF FATALITIES & INJURIES

    • Vehicle intrusions into work space
    • Workers entering the traffic path
    • Inadequate traffic control plan (TCP)
    • Ineffective or improper use of traffic control devices and methods
    • Use of improper clothing
    • Visibility
    • Retroreflectibility
53. Slide 54

    DRIVER PERFORMANCE

    • A drivers performance will be impacted by:
    • Expectancy – is the work zone a surprise? Is it set up as the driver would expect?
    • Perception time – the time between a driver seeing a situation and realizing that a hazard exists
    • Reaction time – the time between a driver’s realization of a hazard and taking action to avoid it.
    • Ability – physical ability of the driver to react appropriately
    • Vision – how well a driver sees under varying circumstances?
54. Slide 55

    ELEMENTS OF THE TRANSPORTATION

    • SYSTEM
    • Roadway
    • designed
    • constructed and maintained
    • Vehicle
    • designed
    • manufactured
    • Driver
    • What you see is what you get
55. Slide 56

    Additional Elements

    • Traffic Signals
    • Traffic
    • (Pedestrians)
    • Environment
56. Slide 57

    DRIVING TASKS

    • Tasks consist of:
    • Observation and monitoring road way events
    • Making decisions and taking specific actions
57. Slide 58

    DRIVER CHARACTERISTICS

    • Drivers over rate their ability
    • Drivers attitudes vary
58. Slide 60

    PEDESTRIANS

    • Thinking about something else, not focusing on the task of walking
    • Unaware of their local environment
    • Willing to take chances
    • Very “shortest path” oriented
59. Slide 61

    ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS

    • Environmental conditions include the condition of the road, lighting, and weather
    • Work Zone operations can negatively impact road conditions, creating hazards
60. Slide 62

    Note the uneven edge of the road

    • How many people lost hubcaps?
61. Slide 63

    HOLES AND RAISED UTILITIES

62. Slide 64

    STEEP DROP-OFFS

63. Slide 65

    SOFT AND LOW SHOULDERS

64. Slide 66

    PROPERLY MARK SURFACE HAZARDS

65. Slide 67

    DRIVER VARIABILITY

    • Skill Levels
    • Attitudes
    • All over the board
    • Road Rage
    • Physical Ability
    • Alcohol\Drug use
    • Tourists
    • Most of the time, Drivers Perform at a level below their capability
66. Slide 68

    ALCOHOL USAGE

67. Slide 69

    VARIATION IN ABILITY

    • AGE
    • Near Schools
    • Elderly
    • EXPERIENCE
    • Ability levels vary
    • PHYSICAL STATE
    • Eyesight
    • Reaction time
    • MENTAL STATE
68. Slide 70

    DRIVER AGE AND EXPERIENCE

    • Older drivers have poorer vision and reduced reaction time.
    • In most cases, nighttime vision decreases with age
    • Problems increase when signs are not well maintained, Channelizing devices are not properly placed, and there are abrupt changes in the levels of lighting
    • Vision problems increase in poor weather conditions
    • Population is growing older
69. Slide 71

    DRIVER AGE AND EXPERIENCE

    • New drivers lack experience
    • Little experience recognizing work zone warnings
    • May become nervous when operating their vehicle in narrower lanes or adjacent to concrete barriers, barrels or cones
    • May over correct or react in an unpredictable way
    • May be unappreciative of the dangers found in work zones, and fail to reduce speeds or avoid distractions
70. Slide 72

    VARIATION IN ABILITIES

71. Slide 73

    PERCEPTUAL ABILITY

    • Drivers acquire most info by sight
    • “Cone of Satisfactory Vision”
    • “Cone of Clear Vision”
    • Placement of traffic control devices as close to the drivers line of vision
    • TCD need to be kept far enough away so that they do not become hazards to themselves.
72. Slide 74

    VISION

    • Cone
    • Cone of of satisfactory
    • satisfactory
    • vision
    • vision —
    • 20 degrees;
    • degrees;
    • see
    • see objects
    • objects without
    • without
    • moving
    • moving head
    • head
    • Peripheral
    • Peripheral vision vision —
    • 120-160
    • 120-160 degrees; degrees; see
    • see
    • movement
    • movement only
    • only
    • Cone
    • Cone of of best
    • best vision
    • vision
    • 3 3 degrees; degrees; a a
    • person
    • person fixes
    • fixes or
    • or focuses
    • focuses on on an an object
    • object
    • Cone
    • Cone of of clear
    • clear vision
    • vision —
    • 10 degrees
    • degrees x x 6 6 degrees;
    • degrees;
    • objects
    • objects in in focus
    • focus and
    • and interpreted
    • interpreted
73. Slide 75

    EYESIGHT AND AGE

74. Slide 76

    PERCEPTUAL ABILITY

    • Pedestrians
    • Considered a component of traffic flow
    • Urban areas
    • Usually far less concerned with their walking task
75. Slide 77

    ACQUIRING INFORMATION

    • People read from:
    • Left to right
    • Top to bottom
    • Only a few words can be read from a moving vehicle.
    • Symbols or a simple messages work well
    • Three words are a desirable maximum
76. Slide 78

    MEMORY

    • Message needs to be close to action
    • Message to complex, could be forgotten
    • Incorrect or misleading in the past, driver will disregard the info the next time
    • Standard devices, located consistent and in proper order reinforces driver’s memory for future reference
77. Slide 80

    REACTION TIME

    • Once info is received, process available data and take appropriate action
    • Four Steps
    • Perception – receiving
    • Intellectual – processing
    • Decision – deciding
    • Reaction - reacting
78. Slide 81

    REACTION TIME

    • More time is required when:
    • The situation is unfamiliar
    • There are several choices
    • The problem posed is complex
    • Not at his/her best, physically or mentally
    • The motorist is distracted from the driving task
    • fatigue
    • cellular phone
    • reading the paper
79. Slide 82

    Reaction Time

    • Reading a Book on the Interstate
    • Worker Safety
    • Is
    • Impacted by Motorist
    • Behavior
    • Unsafe Condition
80. Slide 83

    CONDITIONED RESPONSE

    • Habits are developed by drivers
    • Normal Driving Habits include:
    • Maintaining uniform speed for a given situation
    • Traveling in a given lane
    • Assume the right-of-way unless otherwise instructed
81. Slide 84

    EXPECTANCY

    • People are creatures of Habit
    • Decisions are made based on past experiences
    • Motorists expect things to work a certain way
    • Everyone stops
    • When everyone operates in the same manner it’s efficient and safe
82. Slide 85

    DRIVERS PRIORITIES

    • Basic driving tasks
    • Control
    • Guidance
    • Use appropriate devices
    • Restore existing devices after project
    • Flaggers used when only absolutely necessary
    • Navigation
    • Roadway – first place guidance info is received
    • Traffic Control Devices – are the second sources of information
83. Slide 86

    RECOGNIZING CHOICES Three Part Process

    • 1. Identify alternative course of action
    • 2. Evaluate the probability of success for each of the alternatives
    • 3. Select from among the alternatives
84. Slide 87

    RECOGNIZING CHOICES

    • Multiple options may confuse the motorist
    • Choices require time to evaluate
    • Some motorists can’t decide on anything
    • Efficient\Safe Traffic Control Minimizes
    • Options.
    • Keep it Simple & Straightforward –
    • KISS
    • One clear choice
85. Slide 88

    CHOICES?

86. Slide 89

    ACCOMMODATING THE DRIVER

    • Recognize that drivers make their own decisions based upon information that is available to them and their past successful experiences
    • Can not be controlled
    • Traffic control needs to work with the drivers and natural tendencies
87. Slide 90

    THINGS TO REMEMBER IN DESIGN

    • OF TTCZ
    • Provide clear Advance Warning
    • Allow adequate time for driver decision and response
    • Clearly indicate the desired path, don’t just block the lane
    • Keep congestion to a minimum
88. Slide 91

    ALL TOO TYPICAL

    • Unsafe Condition
89. Slide 92

    Suburban after impact

    • Tractor-trailer following incident
90. Slide 93

    SECTION 5

    • Work Zone Traffic Control Objectives
91. Slide 94

    PURPOSE OF TTCZ

    • Is to Protect:
    • Motorists
    • Bicyclists
    • Pedestrians
    • Workers
92. Slide 95

    CONFLICTS TO OVERCOME IN WORK ZONES

    • Surprise
    • Changes and unusual travel patterns
    • Conflicting information and confusion
    • Distractions
    • Temporary devices
    • Additional hazards created by the work
    • Workers material and equipment in the traveled way Dirt and debris Capacity restrictions and congestion changes
93. Slide 96

    Equipment and the Public

    • Don’t Mix
94. Slide 97

    Work Zones Are Different

    • Truck traveling at 70 mph (Unsafe
    • Condition)
    • Location of Work Is Extremely Dangerous
95. Slide 98

    WORK ZONES CONTROL SYSTEMS

    • Warn the Road User of hazards
    • Guide motorists and pedestrians through the WZ
    • Through effective selection and placement of devices.
    • In a clear and positive manner (mutcd)
    • Separate motorists, pedestrians, and workers
96. Slide 99

    GUIDE PEDESTRIANS/BICYCLISTS

97. Slide 100
    • Unsafe Condition
98. Slide 101

    BASIC PRINCIPLES

    • Use familiar devices
    • Prepare concise, simple TCP’s
    • Minimize the disruption to traffic
    • Provide adequate devices to provide positive guidance in all weather conditions
    • Monitor the integrity of the system with a pro-active inspection program.
99. Slide 102

    Uniformity

100. Slide 103

     BASIC PRINCIPLES

     • Avoid Inhibiting Traffic:
     • Minimize speed reduction
     • Avoid frequent and abrupt changes in traffic lanes
     • Minimize the duration of work activities
     • If possible work during off peak hours of the day
101. Slide 104

     BASIC PRINCIPLES

     • Guide
     • In a clear and positive way
     • Use adequate warning, delineation, and channelization for all weather events and visibility concerns
     • Completely remove inappropriate pavement markings and mask signs
102. Slide 105

     BASIC PRINCIPLES

     • Routine inspections
     • Assign people trained responsibility for routine inspections
     • Change traffic control when necessary
     • Check job sites under all conditions
     • If devices are no longer need remove immediately
103. Slide 106

     BASIC DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS

     • Where is the work to occur: Outside the shoulder
     • On the shoulder
     • In the traveled way
     • What type of roadway:
     • Rural Roads
     • Urban streets
     • Major arterial and freeways
104. Slide 107

     TYPICAL PROJECT TRAFFIC CONTROL

     • Planning
     • Design
     • Pre-construction activities Installation
     • Activities during construction Removal
     • Evaluation
105. Slide 108

     PLANNING

     • Gather all available data
     • Assess roadway characteristics
     • Traffic volumes/conditions
     • Involve those that are affected
     • Identify all agencies that may have jurisdiction
106. Slide 109

     DESIGN

     • Select the best traffic control alternative
     • Based on
     • Safety
     • Cost
     • Efficiency
     • How construction is to be accomplished
     • Site issues, Phases
107. Slide 110

     DESIGN

     • “SELECTING HOW BEST TO CONTROL
     • TRAFFIC”
     • Based upon:
     • Traffic factors
     • Duration of work
     • Location of work
     • Type of work
     • Weather
     • Roadway characteristics
108. Slide 111

     DESIGN

     • “TRAFFIC FACTORS”
     • Traffic Volumes
     • Average daily – Flow/Volume
     • Peak hour
     • Seasonal
     • Holiday
     • Special events - Concerts
     • Traffic Speeds (posted, measured)
109. Slide 112

     DESIGN “DURATION OF WORK”

     • Long term stationary Intermediate term stationary Short term stationary
     • Short duration
     • Mobile
110. Slide 113

     LOCATION OF WORK

     • Outside the Shoulder Edge
     • Devices may not be needed if work is confined to an area 15 ft or more from the edge of shoulder
     • Road Machinery Ahead – if equipment occasionally comes closer to the road way
111. Slide 114

     LOCATION OF WORK

     • On or Near Shoulder Edge
     • Signed as if work is on the road itself, part of the drivers “recovery area”
     • Advance warning signs are required
     • Shoulder closure taper required on an 8+ foot paved shoulder
112. Slide 115

     LOCATION OF WORK

     • On Median of Divided Highway
     • Requires traffic control for both directions of traffic
     • Advance warning signs
     • Channelization devices
113. Slide 116

     LOCATION OF WORK

     • Traveled Way
     • Advanced warning
     • General message that work is taking place
     • Information about specific hazards
     • Actions the driver must take to drive through the temporary traffic control zone
114. Slide 117

     ROADWAY TYPE

     • Urban Arterial roads
     • Urban Multi-lane Divided and Undivided Highways
     • Rural two lane roads and other highways
     • Freeways and Expressways
115. Slide 118

     PRE CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITIES

     • Notify those affected
     • Pre-construction meeting
     • Public works department
     • Utilities
     • Water and sewer
     • Phone
     • Cable
     • Inspection of devices before delivery to the site Identify the clear zone for all phases and configurations of the project through completion
116. Slide 119

     WORK ZONE INCIDENTS

     • Root Cause(s) – Conditions, Hazards, TCP Implementation, Training, Execution of Training, Driver Impaired
     • TCS, project engineer and superintendent need to evaluate all incidents to prevent recurrence
     • Public’s attitude is effected by the way highway contractors perform work
117. Slide 120

     WORK ZONE INCIDENTS

     • Liability Issues
     • On-Site Reviews by the FHWA
     • High points
     • Marked improvement
     • Specialized equipment
     • training
     • Deficiencies
     • Insufficient detail to traffic control plans
     • Poor maintenance of TC devices
     • Minimal contractor management of safety at worksites
     • Flagger performance
118. Slide 121

     WORK ZONE INCIDENTS

     • Unsafe Condition
119. Slide 122

     SECTION 6

     • Traffic Control Plans
120. Slide 123

     WHAT IS A TRAFFIC CONTROL PLAN

     • A drawing of the control zone
     • Description and list of devices to be used
     • Special personnel requirements
     • Schedule of when activities will be conducted
     • Phone numbers of people to contact in case of an emergency
121. Slide 124

     FACTORS TO CONSIDER

     • Location of the work (off shoulder) Speed and number of vehicles
     • Length of the work area (duration) Hazards created by the work (repairing) Duration of the project (How long – 6G-1)
     • Expected delays to the motorist (Public Relations)
     • Work method and sequence (phases)
122. Slide 125

     TRAFFIC CONTROL PLAN (TCP)

     • Hours of work in compliance with special provisions
     • Placement of signs and barricades
     • Use of devices such as:
     • Cones
     • Barrier type VII
     • Stationing of Flaggers
     • Access control
     • Length of lane closure
123. Slide 126

     USE OF TYPICAL PLANS

     • 2003 MUTCD has 46 typical plans TA’s TA’s are the minimum requirements, more than one may be used to satisfy your project needs
     • TA’s can be upgraded
     • Additional devices
     • Flashing arrow panels Additional signs
     • Higher grade sheeting on signs
124. Slide 127

     UPGRADING DEVICES

     • Larger signs – 48”
     • Improved pavement markings
     • Barrier instead of Channelizing devices
     • Variable message signs
     • Longer advance warning areas
     • Longer tapers
     • Lighting
125. Slide 128

     DESIRABLE MODIFICATIONS

     • Additional devices
     • Flashing arrow panels
     • More channelizing devices
     • High intensity sheeting for warning signs
     • Additional signs – BUT take care not to “Over Sign”
126. Slide 129

     CONSIDERATIONS FOR SPECIFIC

     • CONDITIONS
     • Additional devices may be required
     • Level of protection should fit the hazard
     • Devices should be considered as a system
     • Provide a buffer space where possible
     • What if - the motorist fails to get the message; how are you going to design a system of protection for workers and pedestrians?
127. Slide 130

     PRINCIPLES FOR PEDESTRIANS

     • Pedestrians and vehicles should be separated
     • Walkways should be a minimum of 4’ wide
     • Walkways should be kept clear of obstructions & appropriate slope to grade
     • Lights may be required to delineate the path
     • Delineate all hazards occurring near the
128. Slide 131

     WORK ZONE ACTIVITY

     • Work on the Right of Way
     • Work activities off the roadway and shoulders
     • Minimal hazards
     • Shoulder Work
     • Motorists must be advised
     • Single warnings sign “Shoulder Work” = minimum
     • Channelizing devices to close off the work space
129. Slide 132

     WORK ZONE ACTIVITY

     • Haul Road Crossing
     • Advance warning
     • Flagging or traffic signals
     • When closed barricade haul road
     • Clean the pavement
     • Remove signs
130. Slide 133

     WORK ZONE ACTIVITY

     • Two-Lane Highway
     • Short two way traffic taper (100ft)
     • Used to slow approaching traffic
     • MUTCD TA 7-17
     • Flaggers should be stationed at each end of the work zone
131. Slide 134

     WORK ZONE ACTIVITY

     • Four-Lane, Two Way Roadway – undivided
     • Two lanes closed
     • Divert traffic into opposing roadway
     • TA 33
     • Move Traffic One lane at a time
     • Two tapers separated by 1/2L
132. Slide 135

     INTERSECTIONS

     • Cross Streets require:
     • Advance warning signs
     • Traffic devices
     • Appropriate Markings
     • Should consider the effects on the traffic signals
133. Slide 136

     DETOURS

     • Direct traffic onto another roadway
     • Installed periodically to assure driver is on the correct route
     • Should warn of the closure in advance
     • Should guide traffic back to the original roadway
134. Slide 137

     PRINCIPLES FOR PEDESTRIANS

     • Should be directed across the street if a safe passage cannot be provide
     • Signs located near sidewalk should have a 7 foot clearance
     • Use warning lights to delineate a path for pedestrians
     • Stage work so that both sidewalks aren’t closed at one time.
135. Slide 138

     BICYCLES

     • Provide alternative routes through the work zone
     • Should not be directed onto the same path as pedestrians
136. Slide 139

     TRAFFIC CONTROL ZONE

     • Advance Warning Area
     • Transition Area
     • Activity Area
     • Work Area
     • Buffer Space
     • Termination Area
137. Slide 141

     ADVANCED WARNING AREA

138. Slide 142

     ADVANCE WARNING AREA

     • All Temporary Traffic Control have an advance warning area
     • Usually diamond shape signs
     • Can be series of signs
     • Can be a single sign
     • Dependent on roadway type
139. Slide 143

     ADVANCE WARNING AREA

     • Drivers are informed of the Work Zone
     • Information is offered by a series of signs
     • The First: Attention
     • The Second:
     • Detailed Information
     • The Third: Information
     • More signs may be used if the situation warrants.
     • Specific
140. Slide 144

     SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR ADVANCED WARNING AREA

     • Urban areas
     • Intersections
     • Alleys
     • Shopping centers
     • Side streets
     • Higher signs
     • Driveways
     • Should not block view of entering vehicles
     • Rural highways
     • Greater warning distance
     • Divided roadways
     • Signing on both sides of the roadway
     • Parked vehicles
     • Existing Signs
     • Not applicable should be covered or removed
141. Slide 146

     INADEQUATE SIGNING

142. Slide 147

     TRANSITION AREA

143. Slide 148

     TRANSITION AREA

     • Required for lane closures
     • Traffic is moved from the normal travel lanes
     • May contain various types of tapers to close lanes or move traffic
     • 40% of work zone accidents
144. Slide 149

     TAPERS

     • Beginning of tapers should not be hidden behind curves
     • Should begin well in advance of the view obstruction
     • Tapers should be lengthened, not shortened
     • Increases effectiveness
     • Look for skid marks
     • Sign that advanced warning is insufficient
145. Slide 150

     MERGING TAPER

     • Typically used to close one lane of a multilane roadway and cause traffic from that lane to merge into an adjacent
     • Should be long enough to enable merging drivers to have adequate warning and sufficient length to adjust their speeds
     • Requires the longest distance