Health Hazards in Construction (Part 2)

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1. Slide 1

   Health Hazards in Construction

   • Part 2
   • Developed by:
   • Construction Safety Council
   • 4100 Madison Street
   • Hillside, IL 60162
2. Slide 2

   Chemical Health Hazards

   • Learning Goals:
   • Be able to explain what a chemical health hazard is and how construction workers might be exposed to these hazards.
   • Define important terms used to describe chemical hazards in the workplace.
   • Overview the health effects of these hazards on the human body.
3. Slide 3

   Important Terms

   • Gases, vapors, fumes, dusts/fibers & mists Routes of entry
   • Units of concentration
   • Respirable
   • Breathable Air
   • Simple asphyxiant
   • Chemical asphyxiant
   • Gas & vapor density
   • Carcinogens
   • Toxic & highly toxic
4. Slide 4

   Important Terms

   • Reproductive toxins
   • Irritants
   • Corrosives
   • Sensitizers
   • Hepatotoxins (liver toxins)
   • Nephrotoxins (kidney toxins)
   • Neurotoxins (nerve toxins)
   • Hematopoietic system (blood forming system) Synergistic Effect
   • Your Right to Know
   • Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)
5. Slide 5

   Chemical Health Hazards

   • Gas
   • Vapor
   • Fume
   • Dust/Fiber
   • Mist
6. Slide 6

   Routes of Entry

   • Inhalation
   • Ingestion
   • Absorption
   • Alveoli
   • Injection
7. Slide 7

   Units of Concentration

   • (ppm) Parts per Million
   • (mg/m³) Milligrams per Cubic Meter of Air
   • (µg/m³) Micrograms per Cubic Meter of Air
   • (f/cc) Fibers per Cubic Centimeter of Air
8. Slide 8

   Part Per Million (ppm)

   • Four (4) eye drops in a 55 gallon drum is equivalent to 1 part per million (1 ppm).
   • 55 gallons
9. Slide 9

   Milligrams per Cubic Meter of Air (mg/m³)

   • Empire State Building
   • X 1000 = 1 mg/m³
   • Approximate Volume = 1,000,000 m³
10. Slide 10

    Micrograms per Cubic Meter of Air (µg/m³)

    • Empire State Building
    • X 1 = (1 µg/m³)
    • X 50 (artificial sweetener packets)
    • = 50 µg/m³
    • (OSHA PEL for Lead).
    • Approximate Volume = 1,000,000 m³
11. Slide 11

    Fibers per Cubic Centimeter (f/cc)

    • Fiber – Means a particulate form of asbestos, 5 micrometer (µm) or longer, with a length-to-width ratio of at least 3 to 1.
12. Slide 12

    OSHA PEL for Asbestos

    • 0.1 f/cc is equivalent to the number of fibers on the tip of a pencil mixed in with the volume of ten refrigerators.
    • Average amount of air a worker breathes during an 8-hour shift
    • (ten refrigerators)
13. Slide 13

    Respirable Particles

    • Respirable dust is less than 10 microns (µm) in diameter!
    • Human hair is between 80 – 120 microns (µm) in diameter.
14. Slide 14

    Respirable Particles

    • Respirable Dust, e.g., Lead, Silica & Asbestos (<10 µm)
    • A lower case 'o' when printed in Times New Roman size 10 (1mm).
    • Human Hair
    • (80 – 120 µm)
    • Large Dog
    • 1 m
    • 1 cm
    • .000001
    • 0.01
    • Micron (µm)
    • Millimeter (mm)
    • Centimeter (cm)
    • Meter (m)
15. Slide 17

    High Efficiency Particulate Air

    • (HEPA)
    • Capable of filtering 0.3 micrometer particles with 99.97% efficiency.
16. Slide 18

    Gases

    • Examples of gases found in construction:
    • Oxygen – used for welding and cutting.
    • Acetylene – used for welding and cutting.
    • Propane – used for heating & fuel.
    • Carbon Dioxide – used as an inert gas and can be found naturally in sewers.
    • Methane – the principle component of natural gas and found in earth deposits.
17. Slide 19

    Gases

    • Examples of gases found in construction:
    • Hydrogen Sulfide –break down of organic matter and can be found naturally in sewers.
    • Carbon Monoxide – highly toxic and produced by the incomplete combustion of fuels.
    • Welding Gases – The welding arc can produce ozone, phosgene and carbon monoxide gases.
    • Diesel Exhaust – Nitrogen Dioxide.
18. Slide 20

    Group Discussion…

    • How do Gases Affect the Body?
    • Who’s at Risk?
    • What hazardous gases are present on your job?
19. Slide 21

    Gases

    • Important questions concerning gases:
    • What is the gas density?
    • What is the flammable range (LFL) of the gas?
    • How toxic is the gas (PEL, TLV, REL & IDLH)?
    • Is the gas a simple asphyxiant or a chemical asphyxiant?
20. Slide 22

    Gas Density

    • Helium .062
    • Gas Density
    • (Air = 1)
    • Propane
    • 1.55
    • Carbon
    • Dioxide 1.53
21. Slide 23

    Breathable Air

    • Composition of Air
    • Substance
    • (Gas)
    • % by Volume (ppm)
    • Nitrogen
    • 78% (780,000)
    • Oxygen
    • 20.9% (209,000)
    • Argon
    • 0.9% (9,000)
    • Carbon
    • Dioxide
    • 0.1% (1,000)
22. Slide 24
    • Never use pure oxygen for ventilation, cooling or cleaning!
23. Slide 25

    Simple Asphyxiants

    • Asphyxiant
    • (Gas)
    • Carbon
    • Dioxide
    • Nitrogen
    • Argon
    • Methane
    • Gas
    • Density
    • 1.53
    • 1.38
    • LFL
    • NA
    • NA
    • NA
    • 5.3%
    • PEL
    • 5000
    • E³
    • E³
    • E³
    • IDLH
    • NFPA 704M
    • 40,000
    • Fire: 0
    • Health: 0
    • Reactivity: 0
    • Specific Hz: NA
    • NA
    • Fire: 0
    • Health: 0
    • NA
    • Fire: 0
    • Health: 0
    • 5300
    • Fire: 4
    • Health: 1
24. Slide 26

    Sewer Entry

    • Engulfment
    • Toxic gases
    • Explosive -Flammable gases
    • Oxygen Deficiency
25. Slide 27

    Confined Space Hazards

    • Confined Space Hazards…
    • Always check for hazardous atmospheres!
26. Slide 29

    Exposure to simple asphyxiants is like suffocating in a plastic bag.

27. Slide 30

    Temporary Heating Devices &

    • Asphyxiation
    • Fresh air must be supplied in sufficient quantities.
    • OTI Southwest Education/elcoshimages.org
28. Slide 31
    • When using portable heaters, special care must be taken to provide sufficient ventilation in order to ensure a safe and healthful environment.
29. Slide 32

    Chemical Asphyxiant

    • Carbon Monoxide – “The Silent Killer”
    • Hydrogen Sulfide – Rotten Eggs
30. Slide 33

    Carbon Monoxide (CO)

    • Odorless, colorless and toxic gas.
    • Found in combustion exhaust.
31. Slide 34

    Good example of generator exhausts being vented to the outside.

32. Slide 35

    Concentration of Carbon Monoxide (CO) & Health Effects

    • Volume of Air
    • ppm
    • Possibly headache, mild frontal in 2-3 hrs.
    • Headache, frontal, and nausea after 1-2 hrs.
    • Headache, dizziness and nausea in 3/4 hour, collapse and possible unconsciousness in 2 hrs.
    • Headache, dizziness and nausea in 20 min.;
    • 1200 collapse, unconsciousness, possibly death in 2 hr.
    • Health Effects
33. Slide 36

    Hydrogen Sulfide

    • Colorless, very poisonous, flammable gas.
    • Characteristic foul odor of rotten eggs.
    • Bacterial breakdown of organic matter in the absence of oxygen.
    • Found in swamps and sewers (manholes).
34. Slide 37

    Odor detected by human nose.

    • Concentration of Hydrogen Sulfide & Health Effects
    • Volume of Air
    • ppm
    • .0002
    • Irritation of the eyes, nose and throat.
    • Headache, dizziness and nausea; coughing and breathing difficulty.
    • Severe respiratory tract irritation, eye irritation, convulsions, coma & death in severe cases.
    • Health Effects
35. Slide 38

    Welding, Cutting & Brazing

    • Gases
    • Carbon Dioxide
    • Carbon Monoxide
    • Nitrogen Dioxide
    • Nitric Oxide
    • Hydrogen Fluoride
    • Ozone
    • Phosgene
36. Slide 39

    Diesel Exhaust

    • Ensure proper ventilation.
    • Do not idle engines excessively.
    • See manufacturers MSDS.
37. Slide 40

    Respiratory Protection for Exposure to Gases

    • Acid gas cartridges [White]
    • Organic vapor (OV) acid gas cartridges [Yellow]
    • Multi vapor gas cartridges [Olive Green]
    • 3M™ Organic Vapor/Acid
    • Gas Respirators 5000
    • Series
38. Slide 41

    End of Service Life Indicator

    • (ESLI)
    • The indicator completely changes color when the service life of the cartridge is expired.
    • The indicator background changes to a different color as the service life shortens.
39. Slide 42

    Vapors

    • Examples of vapors found in construction:
    • Gasoline – used for fuel.
    • Organic Solvents – used as paint thinners (toluene & turpentine) & glue solvents (acetone & methyl ethyl ketone)
    • Nail polish remover, an organic solvent
    • (usually acetone) has a distinctive vapor odor.
40. Slide 43

    How are Vapors Formed?

    • Liquid reaches a certain temperature –
    • Flash Point.
    • At Flash Point – vapor is released into the
    • Water needs to
    • air.
    • be heated (212ºF)
    • The amount of vapor is dependent
    • on the
    • for vapors to be formed.
    • Vapor Pressure.
    • Some solvents give off vapor at or below room temperature
    • (72ºF).
41. Slide 44

    Vapors

    • What is the vapor density?
    • What is the flash point of the liquid to which vapor is produced?
    • What is the vapor pressure?
    • What is the flammable range (LFL) of the vapor?
    • How toxic is the vapor (PEL, TLV, REL & IDLH)?
42. Slide 45

    Vapor Density

    • Vapor Density (Air = 1)
    • Gasoline 3 – 4
    • Turpentine 4.69
43. Slide 46

    Flash Point

    • Flash Point is the minimum temperature at which a liquid gives off a vapor in sufficient concentration to ignite.
44. Slide 47

    How do Solvents Affect the Body?

    • Dissolve
    • Vapors can
    • skin
    • be fats
    • inhaled.
    • and oils.
    • Skin
    • Central
    • dryness, nervous
    • cracking, system redness, damage. and blisters
    • Local
    • Systemic
    • health
    • health
    • effect
    • effect
45. Slide 48

    Vapor Pressure

    • Fewer Vapors
    • (Less Hazardous)
    • Toxic solvent with a relative low vapor pressure
    • More Vapors
    • (More Hazardous)
    • Toxic solvent with a relative high vapor pressure
46. Slide 49

    Hazardous (Dangerous) Vapor

    • Pressure
    • Vapor pressure is less than 1mmHg; it is not likely to evaporate (not an inhalation hazard).
    • Vapor pressure greater than 50 mmHg; it is likely to evaporate (is an inhalation hazard).
47. Slide 50

    Group Discussion…

    • What hazardous vapors are present on your job?
48. Slide 51

    Respiratory Protection for Exposure to Vapors

    • Organic vapor (OV) cartridge [Black]
    • Organic vapor (OV) acid gas cartridges [Yellow]
    • Multi vapor gas cartridges [Olive Green]
    • North 7700 Series Half-Face
    • Respirator equipped with organic vapor acid gas cartridge (yellow)
49. Slide 52

    Fumes

    • Examples of fumes found in construction:
    • Welding Fumes
    • Asphalt
    • Naphtha – “Coal Tar” a brown or black thick liquid that comes from coal; it’s a skin irritant known to cause cancer.
    • Lead Fumes
    • Hexavalent Chromium (CrVI)
50. Slide 53

    Group Discussion…

    • Welding fumes are some of the most hazardous exposures a construction worker may experience.
51. Slide 54

    How do fumes affect the body?

    • Irritate the skin, eyes and nose; causing an immediate (acute) health effect.
    • Fumes can easily pass from the lungs into the blood stream; resulting in a systemic health effect.
    • Fumes are respirable size particles that are inhaled and can enter the blood stream.
52. Slide 55

    Welding Fumes

    • Metal Fume Fever [Zinc (Galvanized Metal)]
    • Siderosis [Iron, Iron Oxide (Rust)]
    • Manganism (Manganese)
53. Slide 56
    • Remember… Using proper engineering controls will help prevent diseases associated with welding and cutting, always use them!
    • Courtesy of Sentry Air Systems, Inc. Houston, TX USA
    • Model 300 Welding Fume Extractor www.sentryair.com
54. Slide 57

    Asphalt Fumes

    • Made from petroleum.
    • Headache
    • Skin rash
    • Sensitization
    • Throat and eye irritation
    • Cough
    • Suspect carcinogen
    • No specific OSHA standards.
    • Must wear appropriate
    • PPE.
55. Slide 58

    Naphtha (Coal Tar)

    • By-product of coal.
    • Acne
    • Allergic skin reactions
    • Know to cause cancer
    • Photosensitivity – A condition in which a person becomes more sensitive to light.
56. Slide 59

    Lead Fumes

    • Lead poisoning
    • Loss of appetite
    • Nausea &vomiting
    • Stomach cramps & constipation
    • Fatigue
    • Joint or muscle aches, anemia
    • Decreased sexual drive.
57. Slide 60

    Plumbers Melting Pot (Lead)

    • Plumbers melt lead in special melting pots.
    • Cast iron joints and fittings.
    • Temperature must never exceeds 900°F.
    • Electric Melting Pot
    • Use electric pot with temperature gage.
    • Fuel (propane)
    • Melting Pot
58. Slide 61

    Hexavalent Chromium

    • (CrVI) compounds
    • Dyes, paints, inks, and plastics.
    • Stainless steel & chromium metal.
    • Health effects:
    • Lung cancer
    • Irritation or damage to the nose, throat, and lungs.
    • Irritation or damage to
59. Slide 62

    Respiratory Protection for Exposure to Fumes

    • Particulate Air Filter Use Description
    • Oil
    • Designation
    • 95
    • Oil Proof
    • Low Efficiency
    • Oil resistant Low Efficiency
    • Not Oil Proof Low Efficiency
    • 99
    • Oil Proof
    • Medium Efficiency
    • Oil resistant
    • Medium
    • Efficiency
    • Not Oil Proof
    • Medium
    • Efficiency
    • 100
    • Oil Proof
    • High Efficiency
    • Oil resistant High Efficiency
    • Not Oil Proof High Efficiency
    • Efficiency
60. Slide 63

    Dusts & Fibers

    • Examples of Dusts & Fibers found in construction:
    • Crystalline Silica
    • Asbestos
    • Metal Dusts
    • Lead-Based Paint
    • Fiberglass
61. Slide 64

    Dusts & Fibers

    • Important questions concerning dusts & fibers:
    • What is the particle size of the dust and/or fiber?
    • How toxic is the dust and/or fiber (PEL, TLV, REL & IDLH)?
    • How does the dust or fiber affect the body?
    • Is the dust or fiber regulated by OSHA?
62. Slide 65

    How do dust & fibers affect the body?

    • Dusts Fibers
    • Respirable dust
63. Slide 66

    Body’s Defense against Dust

    • Cilia
    • Mucous
64. Slide 68

    Crystalline Silica

    • Quartz
    • Sand
    • Gravel
    • Clay
    • Granite
    • Other forms of rock
    • Smaller particles can be inhaled deep into the lungs - cause damage.
65. Slide 69

    Silicosis

    • Disease of the lungs due to the breathing of dust containing crystalline silica particles.
    • NO cure!
66. Slide 70

    Concrete cutting with no engineering control or PPE!

67. Slide 71

    Silicosis

    • Silicotic Lungs
    • Normal Healthy Lungs
68. Slide 72

    Crystalline Silica

    • Exposures to crystalline silica dust include:
    • Concrete cutting.
    • Sandblasting for surface preparation.
    • Crushing and drilling rock and concrete.
    • Masonry and concrete work (e.g., building and road construction and repair).
    • Mining & tunneling.
    • Cement worker wearing a full-face piece negative pressure air purifying respirator.
    • Demolition work.
    • Cement and asphalt pavement manufacturing.
69. Slide 74

    Asbestos

    • Exposure during demolition or remodeling jobs.
    • Found in some taping compounds, asbestos cement, pipes and floor tiles.
    • Measured in fibers per cubic centimeter (ff/cc).
    • 29 CFR 1926.1101 Asbestos
70. Slide 75

    Asbestosis

    • Asbestosis and mesothelioma
    • Rare form of cancer that develops from the protective lining that covers many of the body's internal organs.
    • Worker with chronic health problems; he needs oxygen.
71. Slide 76

    Lead-Based Paint Dust

    • “White Lead" (a lead carbonate)
    • “Red Lead" (a lead oxide)
72. Slide 77

    EPA Certified Lead Renovator

    • All work performed under the supervision of certified lead renovators.
    • Post signs and warn occupants of buildings.
    • Barricade off work area and contain lead dust.
    • Clean all objects and surfaces.
73. Slide 78

    Fiberglass Insulation

    • Provide general or local exhaust ventilation systems.
    • Wear PPE.
    • Maintain PEL for nuisance dusts (15 mg/m³).
74. Slide 79

    Dust & Fiber Respirator Selection Guide Hazard Efficiency Comments

    • Silica
    • 100 (HEPA)
    • Atmosphere supplying respirators may be required.
    • 100 (HEPA)
    • Requires specific respirators to be used based on task and exposure level. No disposable filtering facepieces allowed! Atmosphere supplying respirators may be required.
    • Lead
    • 100 (HEPA)
    • Requires specific respirators to be used based on task and exposure level. Atmosphere supplying respirators may be required.
    • Fiberglass Insulation
    • 95, 99 or 100
    • (HEPA)
    • Nuisance
    • Dust
    • (HEPA)
    • Asbestos
    • No
    • specific respirator required. Select approved respirator bases on exposure level, use and comfort.
    • No specific respirator required. Select approved respirator bases on exposure
    • level, use and comfort.
75. Slide 80

    Mists

    • Examples of mists found in construction:
    • Oil mist
    • Paint mist
    • Pesticides
    • Aerosols
76. Slide 81

    How do mists affect the body?

    • Skin Desig-nation
    • Mists
77. Slide 82

    Respiratory Protection for Exposures to Mists

    • AOSafety 95110 Paint Spray Respirator
    • Filters designated as a “P” or “R” if the mist contains oil.
    • Organic Vapors
    • Paints
    • Lacquers
    • Enamels
    • Detachable Prefilter
78. Slide 83

    Chemical Health Hazard Categories

    • Carcinogen
    • Corrosive
    • Toxic & Highly Toxic
    • Irritant
    • Sensitizer
    • Affects a Target Organ
79. Slide 84

    Reproductive Toxins

    • • Benzene
    • (mutagen)
    • Mutation
    • Cadmium and compounds (fertility & teratogen)
    • Permanent change of the genetic material in a
    • Chloroform (mutagen)
    • cell.
    • Lead and compounds (fertility, teratogen & mutagen)
    • • Teratogen
    • Mercury and compounds (fertility & teratogen)
    • Malformations of an embryo or fetus.
80. Slide 85

    Synergistic Effect

    • Two or more hazardous materials are present at the same time.
    • Smoking paralyses the body’s natural defense – cilia.
81. Slide 86

    Your Right to Know!

    • OSHA – Hazard Communication Standard (HCS)
    • Chemical manufacturer responsibilities
    • Labels
    • MSDS
82. Slide 87

    Contractors Guide to HCS Compliance

    • Become familiar with the OSHA’s Hazard Communication Standard (29 CFR 1910.1200)
    • Prepare and implement a Hazard Communication Program.
    • Assign a competent person to implement all aspects of the Program.
    • Identify all hazardous chemicals in the workplace.
    • Labels and other forms of warning must be in place.
    • Safety Data Sheets (SDSs) available.
    • Employee information and training conducted.
83. Slide 88

    Safety Data Sheet (SDS)

    • 1. Identification
    • 2. Hazard(s) Identification
    • 3. Composition/Information on Ingredients
    • 4. First-aid Measures
    • 5. Fire-fighting Measures
    • 6. Accidental Release Measures
    • 7. Handling and Storage
    • 8. Exposure Controls/Personal Protection
    • 9. Physical & Chemical Properties
    • 10. Stability & Reactivity
    • 11. Toxicological Information
    • 12. Ecological Information
    • 13. Disposal Considerations
    • 14. Transport Information
    • 15. Regulatory Information
    • 16. Other Information
84. Slide 89

    Physical Health Hazards

    • Learning Goals:
    • Be able to explain what a physical health hazard is and how construction workers might be exposed to these hazards.
    • Define important terms used to describe physical hazards in the workplace.
    • Overview the health effects of these hazards on the human body.
85. Slide 90

    Important Terms

    • Heat Cramps, Heat Exhaustion & Heat Stroke
    • Frost Bite & Hypothermia
    • Noise Induced Hearing Loss
    • Cumulative Trauma Disorder
    • Ergonomics
    • Ionizing Radiation
    • Non-Ionizing Radiation
    • Melanoma
86. Slide 91

    Physical Health Hazards

    • Temperature Extremes
    • Too hot or too cold.
    • Noise
    • Irreversible hearing loss.
    • Repetitive Motion
    • Cumulative Trauma Disorder
    • Radiation
    • Discomfort and eye damage
    • (non-ionizing)
    • Cancer (ionizing),
87. Slide 92

    Heat

    • Heat Cramps
    • Electrolyte imbalance caused by sweating.
    • Too much and too little salt.
    • Do not rely on thirst to replenish fluids.
    • Heat Exhaustion
    • Headache
    • Nausea
    • Fainting
    • Heat Stroke
    • Hot, dry skin
    • High temperature
88. Slide 94

    Sun

    • Cover up
    • Use sunscreen with a sun protection factor (SPF) of at least 30.
    • Wear a wide brim hard hat.
    • Wear UV-absorbent sunglasses (eye protection).
    • Limit exposure
89. Slide 95

    Safe Work Practices (Heat)

    • Drink water frequently.
    • Wear light-colored, loose-fitting, breathable clothing.
    • Take frequent short breaks in cool shade.
    • Eat smaller meals before work activity.
    • Avoid caffeine and alcohol or large amounts of sugar.
    • Work in the shade.
    • Consult doctor regard medications.
    • Know limitations of PPE.
90. Slide 96

    Cold

    • Frostbite
    • Hypothermia
    • Wear several layers of clothing.
    • Wear gloves and a helmet liner.
    • Wear warm footwear with one or two pairs of warm socks.
    • Wear a scarf or face mask.
    • Take frequent short breaks in a warm shelter.
    • Drink warm, sweet beverages.
    • Eat warm, high calorie food such as
91. Slide 97
    • Workers exposed to cold must dress appropriately for the weather.
92. Slide 98

    THE COLD STRESS EQUATION

    • LOW TEMPERATURE + WIND SPEED + WETNESS =
    • INJURIES & ILLNESS
    • When the body is unable to warm itself, serious cold-related illnesses and injuries may occur, and permanent tissue damage and death may result.
    • U.S. Department of Labor Occupationa l Safety and Health Administrati on
    • Hypothermia can occur when land temperatures are above freezing or water temperatures are below 98.6°F/37°C. Cold-related illnesses can slowly overcome a person who has been chilled by low temperatures, brisk winds, or wet clothing.
    • Wind Speed (MPH)
    • 0 10 20 30 40
    • 30°F / -1.1°C
    • 20°F / -6.7°C
    • Little Danger
    • (Caution)
    • Freezing to Exposed Flesh within 1 Hour
    • 10°F / -12.2°C –
    • 0°F / -17.8°C
    • Danger
    • Freezing to Exposed Flesh within 1 Minute
    • -10°F / -23.3°C –
    • -20°F / -28.9°C –
    • -30°F / -34.4°C –
    • -40°F / -40°C
    • Extreme Danger
    • Freezing to Exposed Flesh within 30 Seconds
    • -50°F / -45.6°C –
    • OSHA 3156
    • 1998
    • Adapted from: ACGIH® Threshold Limit Values, and Physical Agents Biohazard Indices, 1998 – 1999.
93. Slide 99

    Occupational Noise

    • Noise is measured using sound level meters
    • Decibel (abbreviated dB) unit used to measure the intensity of a sound.
    • Standard Sound Level Meter
    • Quest Technologies
94. Slide 100

    Normal Conversation

    • 60 – 65 dB
    • Yelling
    • 80 – 85 dB
95. Slide 101

    What is A–Weighted?

    • A-weighted response most resembles the sensitivity of the human ear.
96. Slide 102

    Tinnitus

    • “Ringing in the ears”
    • Damage to tiny sensory hair cells in the inner ear.
97. Slide 103

    The Inner Ear

    • Cochlea
    • Ear Drum
98. Slide 104

    Cochlea

99. Slide 105

    How Noise Damages the Ear

    • Like walking on grass.
100. Slide 107

     Occupational Noise Exposures (29 CFR 1926.52)

     • Duration per day, hours
     • Sound level dBA slow response
     • 1 ½
     • ½
     • ¼ or less
     • 90 92 95 97 100 102 105 110 115
     • OSHA Requirement…
     • When
     • employees
     • are subjected to sound levels exceeding those listed in Table
     • D-2, feasible*
     • administrative or engineering controls must first be utilized.
     • If such controls fail to reduce sound levels within the levels of the table (D-2), ear protective devices must be provided and used.
101. Slide 108

     Engineering & Administrative Controls for Noise

     • Enclosures (operator cabs)
     • Routine maintenance on tools and equipment.
     • Lubrication to reduce friction.
     • Acoustical enclosures & sound absorbing materials.
     • Use rubber mallets to erect and dismantle scaffolding and formwork.
     • Rotate workers
     • Post warning signs.
     • Train all employees on how to properly wear hearing protective devices.
102. Slide 112

     Hearing Conservation Program

     • Monitoring of employee noise exposures. Engineering, work practice, and administrative controls.
     • Signs and barriers to warn workers of high noise levels).
     • Individually fitted hearing protector.
     • Employee training and education.
     • Baseline and annual audiometry.
     • Procedures for preventing further occupational hearing loss.
     • Recording Keeping
103. Slide 114

     Recommendations for Protecting

     • Hearing…
     • Know your hazard.
     • Trust the annual audiogram.
     • Select hearing protection that is right for you.
     • Wear your hearing protection right.
     • To test the fit, cup your hands over your ears, then release.
104. Slide 115

     Noise Reduction Rating (NRR)

     • A hearing protector's ability to reduce
     • Noise
     • noise.
     • Reduction
     • 29
     • Rating
     • The greater the NRR, the better the noise reduction.
     • Listed on the hearing protector box.
     • DECIBELS
     • (When used as directed)
     • THE RANGE OF NOISE REDUCTION RATINGS FOR EXISTING HEARING PROTECTORS IS APPROXIMATELY 0
     • TO 30
     • (HIGHER NUMBERS DENOTE GREATER EFFECTIVENESS)
     • NMC Company
     • Model Earplug
105. Slide 116

     Proposed Noise Reduction Rating (NRR)

     • Minimally trained users (the lower number) vs. Highly motivated, trained users (the higher number).
     • Reflects A-weighted attenuation – no adjustment necessary.
     • NRR
     • 21
     • Noise
     • Reduction
     • Rating
     • Possible for most individually trained users to achieve or exceed
     • 34
     • Possible for a few motivated proficient users to achieve or exceed
     • Noise Reduction (dB) When Worn As Directed
106. Slide 117

     NRR – 7

     • OSHA NRR Adjustment
     • Calculation
     • For example…
     • Noise
     • Reduction
     • Rating
     • 29
     • DECIBELS
     • (When used as directed)
     • THE RANGE OF NOISE REDUCTION RATINGS FOR EXISTING HEARING PROTECTORS IS APPROXIMATELY 0
     • TO 30
     • (HIGHER NUMBERS DENOTE GREATER EFFECTIVENESS)
     • NMC Company
     • Model Earplug
     • Ear plugs with a listed NRR of 29…
     • 29 – 7 = 22
107. Slide 118

     NIOSH NRR Adjustment Calculation

     • Earmuffs
     • Subtract 25% from the manufacturer’s adjusted NRR
     • Formable Ear
     • Plugs
     • Subtract 50% from the manufacturer’s adjusted NRR
     • All Other Ear Plugs
     • (Canal Caps)
     • Subtract 70% from the manufacturer’s adjusted NRR
108. Slide 119

     Dual Hearing Protection

     • 22
     • + 5 = 27
     • (Adjusted NRR)
     • Formable Ear Plugs
     • Listed NRR = 29
     • Adjusted NRR (29 – 7) = 22
     • (Dual Protection NRR)
     • Earmuffs
     • Listed NRR = 16
     • Adjusted NRR for Dual
     • Protection = 5
109. Slide 120

     Dual Hearing Protection

     • WARNING!
     • Make sure that any plugs used with double protection do not have a cord; it will interfere with the fit of the earmuffs and not provide added protection.
110. Slide 121

     Cumulative Trauma Disorders (CTDs)

     • Repetitive motions
     • Forceful exertions
     • Awkward postures
     • Static postures
     • Mechanical compression of soft tissues
     • Fast movement
     • Vibration
     • Lack of sufficient recovery
111. Slide 122

     Cumulative Trauma Disorders

     • (CTDs)
     • NIOSH/Steve Clark/elcoshimages.org
112. Slide 123

     Cumulative Trauma Disorders

     • (CTDs)
113. Slide 124

     Cumulative Trauma Disorders

     • (CTDs)
114. Slide 125

     Cumulative Trauma Disorders

     • (CTDs)
115. Slide 126

     Cumulative Trauma Disorders (CTDs)

     • Tendonitis
     • Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) Rotator cuff tendonitis
     • Tennis elbow
     • Golfer’s elbow
     • Thoracic outlet syndrome Raynaud’s syndrome
     • Trigger finger
116. Slide 127

     Preventing CTDs

     • Hand tools with smooth, rounded edges and long handles.
     • Job layout - Tools, parts, and equipment should be easy to reach.
     • Job rotation or reassignment.
     • Regular breaks
     • Adjusting physical factors in the work environment.
     • The ability to stretch and move around.
117. Slide 128

     Ergonomics

     • Study of fitting the job to the person…
     • Fits your hand.
     • Allows a good grip.
     • Takes less effort.
     • Does not require you to work in an awkward position.
     • Does not dig into your fingers or hand.
     • Comfortable and
     • Paladin Tools 1300 Series
     • Ergonomically-designed handles for effortless operation.
118. Slide 129

     Pre-Work Stretch & Flex

     • Trunk & Low Back
119. Slide 130

     Pre-Work Stretch & Flex

     • Legs
120. Slide 131

     Pre-Work Stretch & Flex

     • Upper Body
121. Slide 132

     Pre-Work Stretch & Flex

     • Forearm Stretch
122. Slide 133

     Pre-Work Stretch & Flex Open

     • Hand Stretch
123. Slide 134

     Ionizing Radiation

     • Alpha particles
     • Beta particles
     • Gamma rays
     • X-Rays
     • Symbol for Radiation
124. Slide 135

     Stopped by a sheet of paper

     • Stopped by a layer of clothing or by a few millimeters of a substance such as aluminum
     • Stopped by several feet of concrete or a few inches of lead
125. Slide 136

     Non-Ionizing Radiation

     • Infrared Radiation (IR)
     • Microwave (MW) & Radiofrequency (RF)
     • Extremely Low Frequency (ELF)
     • Symbol for Infrared
     • Radiation (IR)
     • Symbol for Microwave (MW) &
     • Radio (RF)
     • Symbol for Magnetic
     • Field
126. Slide 137

     Ultraviolet Radiation (UV)

     • Welding & cutting creates radiant energy that must be protected against (see requirements for filter lens shade number).
127. Slide 138

     Ultraviolet Radiation (UV)

128. Slide 139

     Ultraviolet Radiation (UV)

     • NIOSH/John Rekus/elcoshimages.org
     • Bad Work Practice – not wearing a shirt will result in sunburn and skin damage.
     • Bad Work Practice – welder unprotected from ultraviolet radiation.
129. Slide 140

     Melanoma

     • Type of skin cancer.
     • Leading cause of death from skin disease.
     • Excessive exposure to sun light.
130. Slide 141

     Protect Against UV Radiation

     • Avoiding working in the sun.
     • Wear protective clothing and (hats).
     • Apply sunscreens
131. Slide 142

     Biological Health Hazards

     • Learning Goals:
     • Be able to explain what a biological health hazard is and how construction workers might be exposed to these hazards.
     • Define important terms used to describe biological hazards in the workplace.
     • Overview the health effects of these hazards on the human body.
132. Slide 143

     Important Terms

     • Fungi (mold)
     • Histoplasmosis
     • Hantavirus
     • Blood Borne Pathogens
     • Universal Precautions
     • HIV
     • Hepatitis – HBV & HCV
     • Rabies
133. Slide 144

     Biological Health Hazards

     • When working in health care facilities.
     • Accumulation of animal waste and the presence of rodents, insects and birds.
     • During demolition and remolding of old structures.
     • During clearing operations and the removal of plants, trees and other foliage.
     • Landscaping
134. Slide 145

     Fungi (Mold)

     • Molds are organized into three groups:
     • 1. Allergenic
     • 2. Pathogenic
     • 3. Toxigenic
135. Slide 146

     How do Molds Affect the Body?

     • Spores small enough to be airborne.
     • Considered respirable.
     • Produce toxic agents known as mycotoxins.
     • Mold
136. Slide 147
     • Worker exposed to fungi (mold) – wearing personal protective equipment.
137. Slide 148

     Histoplasmosis

     • Disease caused by inhaling the spores of a fungus called Histoplasma capsulatum (H. capsulatum).
     • Fungus seems to grow best in soils having high nitrogen content, especially those enriched with
138. Slide 149

     Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome

     • Disease spread by rodents that is similar to the flu.
     • Virus is in urine and feces.
139. Slide 150

     Respiratory Protection for Exposures to Fungi (Mold)

     • Avoid breathing in mold or mold spores!
     • Approved Filtering Facepiece
     • Respirator (Disposable) – any combination of N, R & P with efficiency 95, 99 or 100.
     • Half Mask, Elastomeric, Air
     • Purifying Respirator – any combination of N, R & P with efficiency 95, 99 or 100.