Health Hazards in Construction (Part 1)

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1. Slide 1

   Health Hazards in Construction

   • Developed by:
   • Construction Safety Council
   • 4100 Madison Street
   • Hillside, IL 60162
   • (800) 552-7744 www.buildsafe.org
2. Slide 2

   Welcome to… Health Hazards in Construction

   • Construction workers are exposed to a variety of health hazards everyday. These men and women have the potential for becoming sick, ill and disabled for life.
   • Learn the health hazards on your job and know how to protect yourself…
   • Sadly, these health hazards (e.g., dangerous dust and other chemicals) can be unexpectedly brought home…
3. Slide 3

   Course Contents

   • The purpose for the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) and its enforcement duty under law.
   • Common health hazards found in construction.
   • An explanation Industrial Hygiene and toxicology.
   • Important terms and definitions used in health standards and toxicology.
   • Procedures for how to anticipate, recognize, evaluate and control health hazards in construction.
   • Hazard communication program for contractors & the Globally Harmonized System for Hazard Communication.
   • Respiratory protection program for contractors.
   • Hearing conservation program for contractors.
4. Slide 4
   • The Construction Safety Council will like to thank the following for their contributions and support:
   • The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)
   • The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Chicago Area Laborers – Employer Cooperation and Education Trust (LECET)
   • United Union of Roofers, Waterproofers and Allied Workers elcoshimages.org
   • LeBlanc Building Co., Inc.
   • Milton R. Chicas
   • David Allie (4-Safety.com)
   • John Dimos, MS, CIH
5. Slide 5

   OSHA Disclaimer

   • This material was produced under grant number SH-19495-09-60-F-17 from the Occupational Safety and Health Administration, U.S. Department of Labor. It does not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the U.S. Department of Labor, nor does mention of trade names, commercial products, or organizations imply endorsement by the U.S. Government.
6. Slide 6

   Course Overview

   • Prepare an employer or its designated representative (job-site competent person) to understand and react to occupational health hazards in construction.
   • Learn how to anticipate, recognize, evaluate and control occupational health hazards
   • Learn how and when to make managerial decisions regarding health issues in construction.
7. Slide 7

   Responsibility to Self & Family

   • Occupational health hazards can unexpectedly be brought home; wear personal protective equipment (PPE) on the job and do not bring home health hazards that can harm your family!
8. Slide 8

   Industrial Hygiene

   • Learning Goals…
   • Define industrial hygiene.
   • Recognize industrial hygiene’s relationship to OSHA.
   • Identify and define job hazard analysis
   • Be able to apply the classic industrial hygiene approach (anticipate, recognize, evaluate & control) to hazard abatement.
9. Slide 9

   Important Terms

   • Industrial Hygiene
   • Anticipate (hazards)
   • Recognize (hazards)
   • Evaluate (hazards)
   • Control (hazards)
   • Toxicology
   • Job Hazard Analysis
   • Hazard Abatement
10. Slide 10

    Chemical

    • Gases Vapors Fumes Dusts Fibers Mists
    • Physical
    • Temperature
    • Noise
    • Repetitive Motion & Awkward Postures Ionizing & Non- Ionizing Radiation
    • Biological
    • Fungi (Mold) Bloodborne Pathogens Bacteria
    • Poisonous Plants Poisonous & Infectious Animals
11. Slide 11

    Toxicology

    • Toxicology is the science that studies the poisonous or toxic properties of a substance.
12. Slide 12

    Anticipation of Health Hazards

    • knowing the history of the work involved.
    • Worker experience and education.
    • To anticipate hazards:
    • Survey job-site conditions
    • Be aware of the actions and behaviors of workers.
13. Slide 13

    Hazardous Conditions

    • Confined or enclosed spaces (hazardous atmospheres).
    • Contaminated soil conditions (hazardous atmospheres).
    • Unsanitary conditions (poor housekeeping, poorly kept toilet facilities, etc.).
    • Presence of hazardous materials (dangerous coatings on structures & metal containing alloys, concrete & silica).
    • The use of hazardous chemicals (gases, solvents & glues).
    • The presence of residues left by degreasing agents, usually chlorinated hydrocarbons (chloroform and carbon tetrachloride).
14. Slide 14

    Hazardous Conditions

    • Older buildings and structures; unoccupied dwellings (fungi/mold, asbestos & lead).
    • Extreme temperatures (hot & cold environments; working outside or in attics, boiler rooms, etc.).
    • Radiological exposures (nuclear power plants, antennas, hospitals, laboratories and the sun).
    • Loud noise (use of tools and equipment).
    • Hot work (welding and cutting).
    • The presence of plant and/or animal wildlife (poisonous venom, feces, rabies…).
15. Slide 15

    Recognition of Health Hazards

    • What do you see?
    • Visible material in the air
    • Settled dust
    • Warning signs, labels & decals
16. Slide 16

    Recognition of Health Hazards

    • What do you smell or taste?
    • Odor
    • Odor threshold is the lowest level of a chemical that can be smelled by most people.
    • Olfactory fatigue - loss of sense of smell.
    • Taste
17. Slide 17

    Recognition of Health Hazards

    • Do you hear anything?
    • Sources of loud noise in construction:
    • Hand tools (e.g., metal hammers)
    • Power tools (e.g., jackhammers, grinders, saws, powder actuated tools)
    • Equipment (e.g., generators, excavators, cranes, trucks)
    • Blasting
18. Slide 18

    Recognition of Health Hazards

    • Do you feel immediate symptoms?
    • Particles in you respiratory system.
    • Narcotic effect
19. Slide 19

    Recognition of Health Hazards

    • Not implementing engineering and/or administrative controls (e.g., wet methods, ventilation, and dust collection systems).
    • Not wearing appropriate Personal Protective Equipment (e.g., gloves, respirators, chemical suites, hearing protectors, etc.)
    • Not practicing good housekeeping.
    • Not following good hygiene practices.
    • Not performing a hazard analysis (e.g., air monitoring, dust sampling, noise metering, and biological monitoring & medical surveillance).
20. Slide 20
    • Know the safety procedures on your job and learn to recognize safety violations – report them and get them corrected!
21. Slide 21

    Evaluation of Health Hazards

    • Environmental & Personal Air Monitoring:
    • Does not measure you or what you are doing, but rather what you are exposed to on the job.
    • Must be done by a trained health professional (industrial hygienist or technician).
    • Area monitoring
    • Personal monitoring
22. Slide 22

    Personal Monitoring

    • Determines individual worker exposure.
    • Done during a specific time period…
    • 8-hour (TWA)
    • 15 minute (STEL)
    • Pump pulls air through a filter or tube, which traps the dust or toxin.
23. Slide 23

    Evaluation of Health Hazards

    • Biological Monitoring & Medical Surveillance
    • Medical surveillance records include:
    • Employee exposure records (results from personal air monitoring).
    • Employee medical records (results from biological monitoring).
24. Slide 24

    Employee Exposure & Medical Records

    • Retention of Medical Records…
    • Employee medical records – duration of the employee’s employment plus 30 years.
    • Employee exposure records for at least 30 years (personal air monitoring results).
    • Background data – 1 year
25. Slide 25

    Air Monitoring Devices

    • Detector Tubes
    • Sampling Tubes
    • Multi or single gas/vapor detector
    • Passive badge gas/vapor sampler
26. Slide 26

    Air Monitoring Devices

    • Instant Swab Wipes
    • Filter Cassette
    • Sound Level Meter
    • Personal Dosimeter
27. Slide 27

    Air Monitoring Devices

    • Noise badge
    • Film Badge Dosimeters
    • Survey Instruments
    • Personal Alarm Monitors (RF)
28. Slide 28

    Air Monitoring Devices

    • Thermometer
    • Wet Bulb Globe Temperature (WBGT)
    • Thermo-Anemometer
29. Slide 29

    Control of Health Hazards

    • Hazard Abatement
    • To abate a hazard means to eliminate its affects.
    • Respirator – Personal
    • Protective Equipment (PPE)
    • Local exhaust system (vacuum)
    • Engineering
    • Control
30. Slide 30

    Hierarchy of Controls

    • 1. Elimination of hazard; Substitution with safe alternative.
    • 2. Engineering; Ventilation & wet methods.
    • 3. Administrative; Work practices, scheduling workers to minimize exposure, extended breaks, etc.
    • 4. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE); Respiratory and hearing protection, protection of face, hand, feet, eyes & whole body.
31. Slide 31

    Job Hazard Analysis

    • What is it?
    • Materials & Equipment
32. Slide 32

    Job Hazard Analysis

    • How does it?
    • Process
33. Slide 33

    Job Hazard Analysis

    • Who are exposed?
    • People
34. Slide 34

    Job Hazard Analysis Example

35. Slide 35

    Use of Professionals & Consultants

    • The work involves many different or complex processes.
    • All employees must remain involved in the process of identifying and correcting hazards.
    • Occupational Health Teams
    • You
36. Slide 36

    Occupational Safety & Health

    • Administration (OSHA)
    • Learning Goals:
    • Identify the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) as being the authority for protecting worker’s health and safety on the job.
    • Recognize both employer and employee rights and responsibilities under OSHA law.
37. Slide 37

    Important Terms

    • OSHA
    • OSHA’s General Duty Clause
    • Worker rights under OSHA Law
38. Slide 38

    You Have A Right!

    • Occupational Safety & Health Act of 1970
    • To assure safe and healthful working conditions for working men and women;
    • By authorizing enforcement of the standards developed under the OSHAct;
    • By assisting and encouraging the States in their efforts to assure safe and healthful working conditions; and
    • By providing research, information, education, and conducting training in the field of occupational safety and health.
39. Slide 39

    General Duty Clause

    • 5. Duties
    • a) Each employer
    • Shall furnish to each of his employees employment and a place of employment which are free from recognized hazards that are causing or are likely to cause death or serious physical harm to his employee;
    • Shall comply with occupational safety and health standards promulgated under this Act.
    • b) Each employee shall comply with occupational safety and health standards and all rules, regulations, and orders issued pursuant to this Act which are applicable to his own actions and conduct.
40. Slide 40

    General Duty Clause Citation

    • 1. An employer failed to keep the workplace free of a hazard to which employees of that employer were exposed.
    • 2. The hazard was recognized. (Examples might include: through job-site safety personnel, employees, trade unions and other associations/organizations.)
    • 3. The hazard was causing or was likely to cause death or serious physical harm.
    • 4. There was a feasible and useful method to correct the hazard.
41. Slide 41

    Health Hazards are Recognized by OSHA

    • See OSHA Enforcement Policy
    • Stop health hazards before they stop you!
    • Lung Disease
    • Skin Irritation & Rashes
    • Hearing Loss
    • Cumulative Trauma Disorders
    • Cancer
    • Death!
42. Slide 43

    Refusing to Work because Conditions are Dangerous

    • Refusing work is protected if…
    • You have asked the employer to eliminate the danger, and the employer failed to do so.
    • You refused to work in “good faith”.
    • A reasonable person would agree that there is a real danger of death or serious injury (illness).
    • There isn’t enough time, due to the urgency of the hazard, to get it corrected through regular enforcement channels, such as requesting an OSHA inspection.
43. Slide 44

    Refusing to Work because Conditions are Dangerous

    • When all of these conditions are met, you take the following steps:
    • Ask your employer to correct the hazard;
    • Ask your employer for other work;
    • Tell your employer that you won’t perform the work unless and until the hazard is corrected; and
    • Remain at the worksite until ordered to leave by your employer.
44. Slide 45

    Health Standards in Construction

    • Learning Goals:
    • Overview OSHA’s health standards in construction.
    • Be introduced to the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH)®
    • Be introduced to the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)
    • Become familiar with the terms and definitions used to describe occupational limits relating to health hazards.
    • Indentify OSHA’s special emphasis programs and compliance directives for enforcing health standards in construction.
45. Slide 46

    Important Terms

    • Hierarchy of Controls
    • Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL)
    • Action Level (AL)
    • Ceiling (C)
    • American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH)
    • Threshold Limit Value (TLV)®
46. Slide 47

    Important Terms

    • National Institute for Occupational Safety & Health (NIOSH)
    • Recommended Exposure Limit (REL)
    • Short Term Exposure Limit (STEL)
    • OSHA Special Emphasis Programs for Health
47. Slide 48

    Health Standards in Construction Overview

    • Availability of medical services and first aid
    • Sanitation of the job-site (toilet facilities)
    • Availability of water (potable and non-potable)
    • Eating and drinking areas
    • Vermin control
48. Slide 49

    Health Standards in Construction Overview

    • Chemicals
    • Gases
    • Vapors
    • Fumes
    • Dusts & Fibers
    • Mists
    • OSHA currently regulates exposure to approximately
    • 400 substances!
    • Physical Health Hazards
    • Noise
    • Radiation
49. Slide 50

    Medical Services & First Aid

    • Make available medical personnel for advice and consultation on matters of occupational health.
    • Provisions for prompt medical attention in case of serious injury.
    • In the absence of an infirmary, clinic, hospital, or physician… a person who has a valid certificate in first-aid training must be available at the worksite to render first aid.
    • First aid supplies must be easily accessible when required.
50. Slide 51

    First Aid Kits

    • Available on all job-sites where a hospital, clinic or physician is not available in terms of time and distance.
    • Persons must be trained to use these supplies and be willing to give care.
    • An automated electronic defibrillator (AED) is highly recommended.
51. Slide 52

    Sanitation of Job-Sites

    • Potable water (drinking water) must be provided.
    • Capable of being tightly closed, and equipped with a tap. Water must not be dipped from containers.
    • Clearly marked as to the nature of its contents and not used for any other purpose.
    • The common drinking cup is prohibited.
52. Slide 53

    Washing Facilities

    • Provide adequate washing facilities for employees.
    • Facilities must be in near proximity to the worksite.
    • Maintained in a sanitary condition.
    • Good health starts with good hygiene!
53. Slide 54

    Eating and Drinking Areas

    • No employee shall be allowed to consume food or beverages neither in a toilet room nor in any area exposed to a toxic material.
54. Slide 55

    Vermin Control

    • Prevent the entrance or harborage of rodents, insects, and other vermin.
55. Slide 56

    Permissible Exposure Limit

    • (PEL)
    • Standards that limit the amount or concentration of a material.
    • Enforceable by OSHA.
56. Slide 57

    Complying with OSHA Health Standards

    • Administrative or engineering controls must first be implemented whenever feasible.
    • Protective equipment or other protective measures must be used to keep the exposure of employees to air contaminants within the limits prescribed.
    • Competent industrial hygienist or other technically qualified person.
    • Follow OSHA’s respiratory protection standard.
57. Slide 58

    ACGIH–Threshold Limit Value

    • (TLV) ®
    • American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists
    • 29 CFR 1926.55 Appendix A (1970 TLVs)
    • Exposure of employees to inhalation, ingestion, skin absorption, or contact with any material or substance at a concentration above those specified shall be avoided!
    • Current TLVs are not enforceable.
58. Slide 59

    NIOSH – Recommended Exposure Limit (REL)

    • National Institute for Occupational Safety & Health
    • Levels that NIOSH believes would be protective of worker safety and health.
    • Highly protective.
    • Not enforceable by OSHA.
59. Slide 60

    NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical

    • Hazards
    • For more information on NIOSH and to access the Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards, go to www.cdc.gov/niosh
60. Slide 61

    Additional Exposure Limits

    • Time Weighted Average (TWA)
    • The average employee exposure over an 8-hour period.
    • Action Level (AL)
    • Exposure level at which some OSHA regulations set to protect employees takes effect.
    • Ceiling Limit (C)
    • The maximum allowable level.
    • Short Term Exposure Limit (STEL)
    • Level that must not be exceeded when averaged over a specified short period of time (usually 15 minutes).
61. Slide 62

    Concentration

    • Exposure Limit Comparison Chart
    • STEL
    • C – (Ceiling)
    • PEL
    • TLV
    • REL
    • Time
62. Slide 63

    Hierarchy of Controls

    • Hierarchy of controls in order of preference:
    • 1. Elimination of hazard; Substitution with safe alternative.
    • 2. Engineering; Ventilation & wet methods.
    • 3. Administrative; Work practices, scheduling workers to minimize exposure, extended breaks, etc.
    • 4. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE); Respiratory and hearing protection, protection of face, hand, feet, eyes & whole body.
63. Slide 64

    Elimination & Substitution

    • Automate the process; remove or isolate the worker.
    • Select and use a less toxic chemical.
    • Sub-contract out
    • jobs to more
    • Elimination & Substitution Example…
    • qualified people. Skid
    • steer loader with pneumatic hammer.
64. Slide 65

    Elimination & Substitution

65. Slide 66

    Engineering Controls

    • Using dust suppression (wet methods) and/or dust collection systems.
    • Installing and using mechanical ventilation;
    • General (dilution)
    • Local (exhaust) ventilation systems
66. Slide 67

    Wet Methods

    • NIOSH/John Rekus/elcoshimages.org
    • Engineering Control Example…
    • Water suppression system on concrete saw.
67. Slide 68

    Dust Collection Systems

68. Slide 69

    Mechanical Ventilation

    • General (Dilution) Ventilation…
    • Local (Exhaust) Ventilation…
    • Forces fresh air into an area and dilutes contaminants.
    • Removes contaminated air at its source.
69. Slide 70

    General (Dilution) Ventilation

    • General (dilution) ventilation works best when:
    • Air contaminants are widely disbursed throughout the area.
    • Toxicity levels and concentrations are low.
70. Slide 71

    Ventilation Systems Examples…

    • Air moving equipment can be set up to either blow (dilute) or suck (exhaust).
71. Slide 73

    Never Ventilate with Pure

    • Oxygen!
72. Slide 74

    Local (Exhaust) Ventilation

    • Local (exhaust) ventilation works best when:
    • Air contaminants are generated at a single source.
    • There’s a need to remove high levels and concentrations of a toxic material.
73. Slide 75

    Courtesy of Sentry Air Systems, Inc. Houston, TX USA

    • Model 300 Welding Fume Extractor www.sentryair.com
74. Slide 76

    Administrative Controls

    • Gathering all specialty equipment, including, ventilators, warning signs, personal protective equipment, etc. before starting work.
    • Performing operations that involve toxic substances at times when other workers are not present.
    • Isolate the work to a few employees.
    • Rotating workers through various job assignments.
75. Slide 77

    Dust Control

    • Use a sweeping compound to reduce airborne dust.
    • Wear personal protective equipment (respirator).
    • Schedule clean-up operations appropriately.
    • Warn others and clear the area of those who are affected by the dust and are not protected.
    • Sweeping hazard!
76. Slide 78

    Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

    • Consideration and use of PPE is only allowed when:
    • Engineering controls and/or work practices are not feasible.
    • Engineering controls or work practices are being implemented.
    • Engineering controls or work practices do not effectively reduce exposure to acceptable limits.
    • In cases of emergency.
77. Slide 79

    Personal Protective Equipment Example…

    • Chemical resistant suit, gloves, safety glasses and face shield.
78. Slide 80

    Feasible (Definition)

    • Technologically feasible
    • Engineering and administrative controls are being implemented and yet levels still remain above permissible exposure limits (PELs)
    • Economically feasible
    • Cost will not threaten the employer’s ability to remain in business.
79. Slide 81

    Personal Protective Equipment

    • (PPE)
    • Is the device approved?
    • Is the device appropriate?
    • Is the worker properly trained?
    • Does the material have sufficient strength?
    • Will the material withstand repeated use?
    • Is the material flexible or pliable enough?
    • Will the material maintain its protective integrity?
80. Slide 82

    Hazardous Materials Identification System

    • Developed by the National Paint and Coatings Association (NPCA).
    • A numerical hazard rating that incorporates the use of labels with color-coded bars.
    • A special code identifying appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) is also listed.
81. Slide 83

    Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

    • Employer Obligations:
    • Perform a “hazard assessment” of the workplace.
    • Identify and provide appropriate PPE.
    • Train employees in the use and care of the PPE.
    • Maintain PPE, including replacing worn or damaged PPE.
    • Periodically review, update and evaluate the effectiveness of the PPE program.
82. Slide 84

    Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

    • Worker Responsibility:
    • Properly wear PPE.
    • Attend training sessions on PPE.
    • Care for, clean and maintain PPE.
    • Inform a supervisor of the need to repair or replace PPE.
83. Slide 85

    Limitations & Use of Respirators

    • All respirators leak!
    • Must be properly fitted and worn.
    • Respirators protect only the employees who are wearing them.
    • Respirators are uncomfortable to wear.
    • Use Only NIOSH Approved Respirators!
84. Slide 86

    Approved Filtering Facepieces (Disposable)

    • Used for dust, mists, welding fumes, mold, etc.
    • Does not provide protection from gases or vapors.
    • Disposable & easy to breathe through.
    • Least protection (rated the same as elastomeric half-face).
    • Not allowed for use in atmospheres with less than 19.5% oxygen.
    • DO NOT USE FOR ASBESTOS.
85. Slide 87

    Half-Face Respirators (Elastomeric)

    • Used for protection against most vapors, acid gases, dust or welding fumes, mold.
    • Can be used with a variety of cartridges/filters.
    • Requires regular cleaning & maintenance.
    • Not allowed for use in atmospheres with less than 19.5% oxygen.
86. Slide 88

    Full-Face Respirators (Elastomeric)

    • Used for protection against most vapors, acid gases, dust or welding fumes, mold.
    • Can be used with a variety of cartridges/filters.
    • Requires regular cleaning & maintenance.
    • Built in safety eye protection (ANSI Z87).
    • Not allowed for use in atmospheres with less than 19.5% oxygen.
87. Slide 89

    Powered-Air-Purifying Respirators (PAPR)

    • Battery powered fan pulls air through filters and blows air into the facepiece or hood.
    • Can be used with a variety of cartridges/filters.
    • Requires regular cleaning & maintenance.
    • Built in safety eye protection (ANSI Z87).
    • Easier to fit, easier on heart and lungs.
    • Not allowed for use in atmospheres with less than 19.5% oxygen.
88. Slide 90

    Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA)

    • Used in immediately dangerous to life and health (IDLH) environments.
    • Requires regular cleaning & maintenance.
    • Built in safety eye protection (ANSI Z87).
    • Easier to fit.
    • Requires Compressed Gas Association (CGA) Grade D breathing air.
    • Can be used in Oxygen deficient atmospheres (less than 19.5% oxygen).
89. Slide 91

    Assigned Protection Factors

    • Type of respirator 1 , 2
    • Air-Purifying Respirator
    • Powered Air-Purifying Respirator
    • (PAPR)
    • Supplied-Air Respirator (SAR) or Airline Respirator
    • Demand mode
    • Continuous flow mode
    • Pressure-demand or other positive-pressure mode
    • Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA)
    • Demand mode
    • Pressure-demand or other positive-pressure mode (e.g., open/closed circuit)
    • Half mask
    • Full facepiece
    • Helmet hood
    • Loose
    • Fitting facepiece
    • 1,000
    • 25/1,000
    • 10 50 50
    • 1,000
    • 1,000
    • 25/1,000
    • 10,000
    • 10,000
    • Quarter mask
90. Slide 92

    Facial Hair

    • Facial hair is not allowed while wearing a tight fitting
    • facepiece respirator!
91. Slide 93

    NOT

    • NIOSH
    • Approved
92. Slide 94

    Respirator Use

    • 1. Employee must wear a respirator due to job-site conditions.
    • 2. Voluntary use by employee.
93. Slide 95

    OSHA’s Special Emphasis Programs

    • National Emphasis Program – Crystalline Silica (CPL 03- 00-007)
    • National Emphasis Program on Lead (CPL 03-00-009)
    • National Emphasis Program – Hexavalent Chromium (CPL 02-02-076)
    • Inspection Procedures for the Hazard Communication Standard – OSHA Instruction CPL 02-02-038.
    • Inspection Procedures for the Respiratory Protection Standard – OSHA Instruction CPL 02-00-120.
    • Inspection Procedures for Hexavalent Chromium Standard – OSHA Instruction CPL 02-02-074
    • Inspection Procedures for Occupational Exposure to Asbestos – OSHA Instruction CPL 02-02-063.
94. Slide 97

    Competent Person

    • Learning Goals:
    • Be able to identify the definition of competent person and know how to apply its meaning to construction job-sites.
    • Identify the specific competent person requirements in OSHA’s health standards.
    • Learn an employer’s responsibilities towards injury and illness prevention and be able to explain OSHA’s employee training requirements.
95. Slide 98

    Important Terms

    • Competent person
    • Qualified person
    • Industrial Hygienist
    • Program administrator
96. Slide 99

    Competent Person

    • Capable of identifying existing and predictable hazards.
    • Has authorization to take prompt corrective measures to eliminate them.
97. Slide 100

    Qualified Person

    • Possesses a recognized degree, certificate, or professional standing.
    • Extensive knowledge, training, and experience.
    • Successfully demonstrates ability to solve or resolve problems.
98. Slide 101

    Industrial Hygienist

    • A professional devoted to the anticipation, recognition, evaluation, prevention, and control of health hazards.
99. Slide 102

    Program Administrator

    • A respiratory protection program, when used, must be administered by a suitably trained program administrator.
100. Slide 103

     Accident Prevention

     • Responsibilities
     • Employer must have a safety & health program that provides for:
     • Frequent and regular inspections of the job sites, materials, and equipment to be made by competent persons.
101. Slide 104

     Employee Training Requirements

     • Recognition and avoidance of unsafe conditions.
     • Regulations applicable to work.
     • Safe handling and use of hazardous substances.
     • Personal hygiene.
     • Confined & enclosed spaces.
102. Slide 106

     Health Hazards in Construction

     • Learning Goals:
     • Be able to explain what a hazard is and how workers might be exposed to occupational health hazards in construction.
     • List the three categories of health hazards found in construction.
     • Overview the health effects of these hazards on the human body.
     • Define important terms used to describe dangerous & hazardous environments.
103. Slide 107

     Important Terms

     • Health Hazard
     • Acute Effects
     • Chronic Effects
     • Local Effects
     • Systemic Effects
     • Immediately Dangerous to Life & Health (IDLH)
     • Hazardous Atmosphere
     • Flammable & Explosive Environments
     • Oxygen Deficiency Hazard
104. Slide 108

     What is a Health Hazard?

     • 1. Chemical Hazards; such as gases, vapors, fumes, dusts/fibers, mists and substances found in OSHA PELs, NIOSH RELs, and ACGIH TLVs®
     • 2. Physical Hazards; such as temperature, noise, repetitive motion & awkward postures, ionizing and non-ionizing radiation.
     • 3. Biological Hazards; such as mold, bloodborne pathogens, bacteria, poisonous plants and animals, animal, bird and rodent feces.
105. Slide 109

     Some health hazards are obvious, like working with chemicals…

     • Some health hazards are not so obvious, like awkward postures and noise exposure…
106. Slide 110

     Acute Health Effects

     • Irritation; rashes & dry skin
     • Dermatitis (acute)
     • Corrosivity; burns or dissolves skin tissue
     • Sensitization; allergic reactions (anaphylactic shock)
     • Metal fume fever
     • Lethal Concentration (LC)
     • Skull & cross-bone symbol is used to warn of an acute toxicity hazard.
107. Slide 111

     Chronic Health Effects

     • Cancer
     • Asbestosis
     • Mesothelioma
     • Silicosis
     • Occupational Hearing Loss
     • Cumulative Trauma Disorder
     • Chronic health hazard symbol
108. Slide 112

     Worker with chronic health problems; he needs oxygen.

109. Slide 113

     Local Health Effects

     • Concrete burns
     • Skin & eye irritation
     • Dermatitis
     • Poison Ivy
     • Tissue damage
     • Acid burn
     • Sunburn
     • Pictogram for Irritant & Sensitizer
     • Pictogram for Corrosive
110. Slide 114

     Local Health Effects

     • Eye Irritation
     • Substance makes contact with body…
     • Irritation to the Throat, Nose, Mouth
     • & Lungs
     • Damage to body occurs at point of contact.
     • Skin irritation & Tissue Damage
111. Slide 115

     Systemic Health Effects

     • Asbestosis & Mesothelioma
     • Silicosis
     • Metal fume fever
     • Kidney damage
     • Allergic reactions
     • Infections
     • Radiation sickness
     • Nervous system failure
     • Reproductive system damage
112. Slide 116

     Systemic Health Effects

     • Substance enters the body and is deposited throughout the system.
     • Damage to body occurs at locations remote from initial point of contact.
     • Nervous System
     • Damage
     • Lung Cancer Kidney Failure
     • Reproductive System Damage
113. Slide 117

     Immediately Dangerous to Life & Health (IDLH)

     • Tanks
     • Storage
     • Poses
     • an immediate or delayed threat to
     • Process Vessels
     • Bins
     • life.
     • Boilers
     • or Exhaust
     • Ducts irreversible adverse health
     • Ventilation
     • Would
     • cause
     • Sewers & Manholes
     • effects.
     • Underground Utility Vaults
     • Tunnels
     • Would
     • interfere with an individual's ability
     • Pipelines
     • Open top spaces more than 4 feet in depth
     • to escape
     • unaided
     • from a space.
     • Temporary
     • Enclosures
     • (heating enclosures
     • for break)
     • Dumpsters
     • Stair-wells
     • Elevator Shafts
     • Basements
     • Attics
     • Trenches & Excavations
114. Slide 118
     • Hazardous atmospheres may exist in trenches.
115. Slide 119

     Confined & Enclosed Spaces

     • Any space having a limited means of egress.
     • Subject to the accumulation of toxic or flammable contaminants.
     • Potential oxygen deficient atmosphere.
116. Slide 120

     Confined & Enclosed Spaces

     • Identify the hazards; oxygen deficiency, flammable and/or toxic.
     • Classify the space; enclosed space, confined space (hazards isolated), or permit required confined space.
     • Eliminate and/or control the hazards; engineering controls (ventilation) and/or personal protective equipment (PPE).
     • Coordinate entry operations; entrant & attendant responsibilities, ensure proper communication.
     • Ensure prompt rescue; team readily available, properly equipped & trained!
117. Slide 121

     Confined & Enclosed Spaces

     • Working in elevated lifts
     • (locations) could cause you to be exposed to unexpected hazardous atmospheres.
118. Slide 122

     Confined & Enclosed Spaces

119. Slide 123

     Confined Space Entry Procedures

     • Understand the procedures for confined space entry.
     • Know the hazards of the specific space.
     • Review the specific procedures for each entry.
     • Understand how to use entry and rescue equipment.
     • Highly trained and skilled workers!
120. Slide 125

     Confined Space Entry Procedures

     • Test all confined spaces before you enter!
     • Oxygen Content
     • Flammable Environments
     • Toxic Substances
121. Slide 126

     Hazardous Atmospheres

     • Oxygen concentration below 19.5% or above 23.5%
     • Flammable gas, vapor, mist in excess of 10% of its lower flammable limit (LFL).
     • Airborne combustible dust at high concentrations.
     • Exposure to any substance above OSHA’s Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL).
122. Slide 127

     What do you think?

123. Slide 128

     Flammable & Explosive Hazards

     • LEAN
     • TOO MUCH AIR
     • TOO
     • LITTLE GAS
     • RICH
     • EXPLOSIVE
     • FLAMMABLE
     • MIXTURE
     • Pictogram for Flammable
     • Globally Harmonized System
     • TOO LITTLE AIR
     • TOO
     • MUCH GAS
124. Slide 129

     Flammable & Explosive Hazards

     • HEAT HEAT
     • O X XY
     • G E EN
     • YG
     • FU
     • CHAIN CHAIN REATION REATION
     • Keep fuel, heat & oxygen separated!
125. Slide 131

     Flammable Materials (Storage & Use)

     • No more than 25 gallons of flammable or combustible liquids may be stored in a room outside of an approved storage cabinet.
     • Not more than 60 gallons of flammable or 120 gallons of combustible liquids may be stored in any one storage cabinet. Not more than three such cabinets may be located in a single storage area.
     • Storage of liquid petroleum gas (LPG) within buildings is prohibited.
     • Only approved containers and portable tanks shall be used for storage and handling of flammable and combustible liquids.
126. Slide 132

     Hazard Recognition

     • Improper storage of flammable & combustible liquids and gases; creates a potential fire hazard as well as a toxic atmosphere.
     • Notice the enclosed space hazard.
127. Slide 133

     Flammable & & Combustible

     • Combustible
     • Flammable
     • Storage Cabinet
     • Cabinet
     • Storage
     • Photo courtesy of Justrite Mfg. Co.
128. Slide 134

     Hazard Control

     • An approved “Safety Can”…
     • A closed container of not more than 5 gallons capacity.
     • Has a flash-arresting screen.
     • Spring-closing lid and spout cover.
     • “Safety Can”
     • Photo courtesy of Justrite Mfg. Co.
129. Slide 135

     National Fire Protection Association (NFPA 704)

     • Red
     • Blue
     • 4
     • 1
     • White
     • 0
     • Yellow
130. Slide 136

     The Globally Harmonized System of Classification & Labeling of Chemicals

     • Gas
     • Oxidizer
     • Aquatic Hazard
     • Explosive
     • Irritant & Sensitizer
     • Flammable
     • Acute Toxicity
     • Corrosive
     • Chronic Health Hazard
131. Slide 139

     Compressed Gas Cylinders

     • Well Ventilated
     • Fuel Gas
     • Well
     • Protected
     • (Caps On &
     • Secured)
     • Oxygen
     • 20 Feet
132. Slide 140

     Compressed Gas Cylinders & Confined Spaces

     • Use with caution around confined and enclosed spaces.
     • Never bring a compressed gas cylinder into a confined or enclosed space – including trenches.
     • Remove all hoses and leads from confined space when not in use.
133. Slide 141

     Toxic vs. Flammable Environments

     • ZERO “0”
     • TLV® &
     • REL
     • PEL
     • IDLH
     • LFL
     • Increasing Concentrations
134. Slide 142

     Oxygen Deficiency Hazards

     • Normal breathing air contains around 20.9% oxygen…
     • Oxygen deficient atmosphere – below 19.5%
     • Displacement
     • Consumption
135. Slide 143

     Oxygen Deficiency Hazards

     • O2 Content
     • Effects and Symptoms
     • Decreased ability to work strenuously. May impair coordination and induce early symptoms in persons with coronary, pulmonary, or circulatory problems.
     • Respiration increases in exertion, pulse up, impaired coordination, perception, and judgment.
     • Respiration further increases in rate and depth, poor judgment, lips blue.
     • Mental failure, fainting, unconsciousness, ashen face, blueness of lips, nausea, and vomiting.
     • 8 min., 100% fatal; 6 min., 50% fatal; 4-5 min., recovery with treatment.
     • Coma in 40 sec., convulsions, respiration ceases, death.
     • 15 – 19%
     • 12 – 14%
     • 10 – 12%
     • 8 – 10%
     • 6 – 8%
     • 4 – 6%
136. Slide 144

     Chemical Health Hazards

     • Learning Goals:
     • Be able to explain what a chemical health hazard is and how construction workers might be exposed to these hazards.
     • Define important terms used to describe chemical hazards in the workplace.
     • Overview the health effects of these hazards on the human body.
137. Slide 145

     Important Terms

     • Gases, vapors, fumes, dusts/fibers & mists Routes of entry
     • Units of concentration
     • Respirable
     • Breathable Air
     • Simple asphyxiant
     • Chemical asphyxiant
     • Gas & vapor density
     • Carcinogens
     • Toxic & highly toxic
138. Slide 146

     Important Terms

     • Reproductive toxins
     • Irritants
     • Corrosives
     • Sensitizers
     • Hepatotoxins (liver toxins)
     • Nephrotoxins (kidney toxins)
     • Neurotoxins (nerve toxins)
     • Hematopoietic system (blood forming system) Synergistic Effect
     • Your Right to Know
     • Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)
139. Slide 147

     Chemical Health Hazards

     • Gas
     • Vapor
     • Fume
     • Dust/Fiber
     • Mist
140. Slide 148

     Routes of Entry

     • Inhalation
     • Ingestion
     • Absorption
     • Alveoli
     • Injection
141. Slide 149

     Units of Concentration

     • (ppm) Parts per Million
     • (mg/m³) Milligrams per Cubic Meter of Air
     • (µg/m³) Micrograms per Cubic Meter of Air
     • (f/cc) Fibers per Cubic Centimeter of Air
142. Slide 150

     Part Per Million (ppm)

     • Four (4) eye drops in a 55 gallon drum is equivalent to 1 part per million (1 ppm).
     • 55 gallons