Fall Protection (AGC Susan Harwood Grant Training Program)

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1. Slide 1

   Fall Protection

   • Susan Harwood Grant Training Program
2. Slide 2

   Disclaimer/Usage Notes

   • Photos shown in this presentation may depict situations that are not in compliance with applicable OSHA requirements.
   • It is not the intent of the content developers to provide compliance-based training in this presentation, the intent is more to address hazard awareness in the construction industry, and to recognize the overlapping hazards present in many construction workplaces.
   • It should NOT be assumed that the suggestions, comments, or recommendations contained herein constitute a thorough review of the applicable standards, nor should discussion of “issues” or “concerns” be construed as a prioritization of hazards or possible controls. Where opinions (“best practices”) have been expressed, it is important to remember that safety issues in general and construction jobsites specifically will require a great deal of site- or hazard-specificity – a “one size fits all” approach is not recommended, nor will it likely be very effective.
   • No representation is made as to the thoroughness of the presentation, nor to the exact methods of remediation to be taken. It is understood that site conditions vary constantly, and that the developers of this content cannot be held responsible for safety problems they did not address or could not anticipate, nor those which have been discussed herein or during physical presentation. It is the responsibility of the employer, its subcontractors, and its employees to comply with all pertinent rules and regulations in the jurisdiction in which they work. Copies of all OSHA regulations are available from your local OSHA office, and many pertinent regulations and supporting documents have been provided with this presentation in electronic or printed format. This presentation is intended to discuss Federal Regulations only - your individual State requirements may be more stringent.
   • It is assumed that individuals using this presentation or content to augment their training programs will be “qualified” to do so, and that said presenters will be otherwise prepared to answer questions, solve problems, and discuss issues with their audiences.
   • Areas of particular concern (or especially suited to discussion) have additionally been marked with a ? symbol throughout the program…as a presenter, you should be prepared to discuss all of the potential issues/concerns, or problems inherent in those photos particularly.
3. Slide 3

   Introduction

   • Why Fall Protection?
   • Why Now?
4. Slide 4

   Construction worker dies in fall from condo project

   • Worker Hurt In Fall At University Project
   • Bridge construction accident injures six
   • Elementary school construction accident sends 2 to hospital
   • Ironworker who fell had been on job only 3 weeks
   • Worker injured in second floor fall
   • These headlines are all from the third and fourth quarter of 2003
5. Slide 5

   Anatomy of a Fall

   • .33sec./2 feet
   • .67 sec./7 feet
   • 1 sec./16 feet
   • 2 sec./64 feet
   • It takes most people about 1/3 of a second to become aware.
   • It takes another 1/3 of a second for the body to react.
   • A body can fall up to 7 feet in 2/3 of a second.
6. Slide 6

   Acceleration = 32 ft/sec² Deceleration = 0 ft/sec²

7. Slide 7

   Statistics

   • How Can the Numbers Focus Our Efforts?
8. Slide 8

   Falls

   • Falls are the leading cause of fatalities in the construction industry.
   • An average of 362 fatal falls occurred each year from 1995 to 1999, with the trend on the increase.
   • The cost of care for injuries related to falls is a financial burden for the entire construction industry
9. Slide 9

   Fatal Falls Most Often From

   • Floors, Loading
   • Docks, Ground
   • Level 4%
   • Structural Steel
   • 9%
   • Ladders 15%
   • Non-moving Vehicles 3%
   • Other 12%
   • Roofs 37%
   • Scaffolds 20%
10. Slide 10

    Non- Fatal Falls Most Often From

    • Scaffolds 15%
    • Other 22%
    • Roofs 12%
    • Non-moving Vehicles 9%
    • Ladders 35%
    • Stairs/Steps 7%
11. Slide 11

    Citations

    • What is OSHA Focusing On?
12. Slide 12

    2003 Most Frequently Cited Construction Standards

    • Fall protection – unprotected sides and edges
    • 501(b)(1)
    • 1908
    • Scaffolds - fall protection
    • 451(g)(1)
    • 1415
    • PPE - hard hats
    • 100(a)
    • Fall Protection - residential construction
    • 501(b)(13)
    • 1244
    • Scaffolds - access
    • 451(e)(1)
    • Excavation - Protection of employees
    • 652(a)(1)
    • 453(b)(2)(v)
    • 1087
    • Scaffolds - platform construction
    • 1051
    • Training & education
    • 21(b(2)
    • Ladders -three foot above
    • 1053(b)(1)
    • 1202
    • 1180
    • Aerial lifts - Fall protection
    • 451(b)(1)
    • 1377
    • 1000
    • 1500
    • Plus 1,192 General Duty Clause Citations
    • 2000
    • 2500
13. Slide 13

    2003 Subpart L 1926.450-454 Scaffolds

    • Scaffolds over 10 feet with no fall protection
    • 451(g)(1)
    • 1415
    • Access to scaffolds
    • 451(e)(1)
    • 1202
    • Aerial lifts - Fall protection
    • 453(b)(2)(v)
    • 1087
    • Scaffold platform construction
    • 451(b)(1)
    • 1051
    • Employee training for scaffold use
    • 454(a)
    • 1000
    • 1200
    • 1400
    • 1600
14. Slide 14

    2003 Subpart M 1926.500-503 Fall Protection

    • Fall protection - Unprotected sides & edges
    • 501(b)(1)
    • 1907
    • Fall protection for residential construction
    • 501(b)(13)
    • 1240
    • Fall hazards training program
    • 503(a)(1)
    • Fall protection for low-slope roofs
    • 501(b)(10)
    • Fall protection for steep roofs
    • 501(b)(11)
    • 1000
    • 1500
    • 2000
    • 2500
15. Slide 15

    2003 Subpart R 1926.750-761 Steel Erection

    • Fall Protection 15 Feet
    • 760(a)(1)
    • Fall Hazard Training
    • 761(b)
    • Commencement of Steel Erection
    • 752(b)
    • Connectors PFAS over 15 Feet
    • 760(b)(3)
    • Concrete Strength Tested
    • 752(a)(1)
16. Slide 16

    2003 Subpart X 1926.1050-1060 Ladders

    • Portable ladders not extending three feet above the landing surface
    • 1053(b)(1)
    • Stair rails & handrails
    • 1052(c)(1)
    • Stairways/ladders required
    • 1051(a)
    • Appropriate use of ladders
    • 1053(b)(4)
    • Training program
    • 1060(a)
    • 1000
17. Slide 17

    2003 Most Frequently Cited

    • Construction Standards
    • In Fiscal Year 2003, 50% of the top 25 OSHA Construction standards violated were Fall Related.
18. Slide 18

    What Is Fall Protection?

    • A series of reasonable steps taken to cause elimination or control of the injurious effects of an unintentional fall while accessing or working at height
19. Slide 19

    Philosophies of Fall Protection

    • Stop/Prevent The Fall
    • Catch The Fall
    • Restraint/Positioning
    • Fall Arrest
    • Guardrails
    • Safety Nets
    • Warning Lines
    • Catch Platforms
    • Controlled Access Zones
    • Controlled Decking Zones
    • Safety Monitors
    • Do these stop/prevent the fall?
20. Slide 20

    Planning for Fall Protection

    • Best practice dictates that fall protection becomes an integral part of the project planning process, from constructability, to systems installation, to use and maintenance
    • A project cannot be truly safe unless fall protection is incorporated into every phase of the construction process
    • Planning will keep workers safe and minimize liability for all parties involved
21. Slide 21

    The Steps of Fall Protection?

    • Is this the correct order?
22. Slide 22

    Controlling Fall Exposures

    • Select fall protection systems appropriate for given situations.
    • Use proper construction and installation of safety systems.
    • Supervise employees properly.
    • Use safe work procedures.
    • Train workers in the proper selection, use, and maintenance of fall protection systems.
    • Evaluate the effectiveness of all steps
23. Slide 23

    Competent Person

    • means one who is capable of identifying existing and predictable hazards in the the surroundings, or working conditions which are unsanitary, hazardous, or dangerous to employees, and who has the authorization to take prompt corrective measures to eliminate them.
24. Slide 24

    Qualified Person

    • means one who, by possession of a recognized degree, certificate, or professional standing, or who by extensive knowledge, training and experience, has successfully demonstrated his/her ability to solve or resolve problems related to the subject matter
25. Slide 25

    By the Numbers

    • Some of the Applicable Triggers
26. Slide 26

    Falls onto dangerous equipment

    • 0’ Allowable Fall
    • Distance
    • (You Must Be Protected)
27. Slide 27

    Break in elevation without a step

    • 19”
28. Slide 28

    First step onto a scaffold system

    • 2’
29. Slide 29

    Work on forms or steel reinforcing

    • 6’
30. Slide 30

    Work on surfaces such as decks, non-residential roofs, ramps, etc

    • 6’
31. Slide 31

    Scaffold platforms without guardrails

    • 10’
32. Slide 32
    • Vertical fixed ladders without cages, etc.
    • 24’
33. Slide 33

    Climbing steel reinforcing

    • 24’
34. Slide 34

    Steel erection work

    • 15-30’, or two stories, whichever is less
35. Slide 35

    Roofs with pitches 8:12 or less in residential-type (wood frame) construction

    • 25’
36. Slide 36

    Falls into safety nets

    • 30’
37. Slide 37

    Height of scaffold ladders requiring rest platforms

    • Over 35’
38. Slide 38

    Falls from portable extension ladders

    • No Limit
39. Slide 39

    Which Standards Apply?

    • It’s Not Just Subpart M!
40. Slide 40

    Which Standards Apply?

41. Slide 41

    Which Standards Apply?

42. Slide 42

    Which Standards Apply?

43. Slide 43

    Which Standards Apply?

44. Slide 44

    Which Standards Apply?

45. Slide 45

    Which Standards Apply?

46. Slide 46

    Which Standards Apply?

47. Slide 47

    Which Standards Apply?

48. Slide 48

    Which Standards Apply?

49. Slide 49

    Which Standards Apply?

50. Slide 50

    Hazard Recognition

    • Allowable Controls and
    • Best Practices
51. Slide 51

    Vertical Exposures

    • Rebar
    • Formwork
52. Slide 52

    Vertical Rebar

    • OSHA allows:
    • Climbing to 24’
    • Tie-off at work location over 6’
    • Recommended:
    • Tie during the climb
53. Slide 53

    Formwork

    • Required Fall Protection at 6’
    • Recommended:
    • Use scaffold brackets
    • Ensure safety over/on top of the wall
54. Slide 54

    Steel Erection

    • Connectors
    • Detail Work
    • Decking
    • Fall Protection Systems in Accordance With Subpart M Systems Criteria (1926.502)
55. Slide 55

    Connector Safety

    • Personal Fall Arrest Systems required at 15’
    • Connector option to 30’ or two stories, whichever is less
    • Best Practice: NO OPTION
56. Slide 56

    Detail Work

    • Fall Protection
    • Required at 15’
    • Guardrails
    • Nets
    • Personal Fall Arrest
    • Systems
57. Slide 57

    Decking

    • PFAS
    • Controlled Decking
    • Zones
    • Guardrails (after leading edge work is complete)
58. Slide 58

    Controlled Decking Zones

    • Required where PFAS cannot be used, from 15-30’
    • Limited in size
    • Must be marked
    • Training required
    • Not applicable over 30’, or two stories, whichever is less
59. Slide 59

    Decks (Walking & Working Surfaces)

    • Open-sided Floors
    • Holes
    • Leading Edges
60. Slide 60

    Open Sided Floors

    • Guardrails
    • Catch Platforms
    • Restraint Devices
    • Safety Nets
61. Slide 61

    Guardrails

    • Primary Issues
    • Complete System
    • Full coverage
    • Accessways/Ladderways
    • Material Handling Areas
    • Proper construction
    • Strength
    • Deflection
    • Maintenance
    • Custody & Control
62. Slide 62

    Coverage

    • Bad
    • Better
63. Slide 63

    Accessways/Ladderways

    • Bad
    • Better
64. Slide 64

    Material Handling

    • When areas have been opened, PFAS is required
    • Gates are preferred to removable rails
65. Slide 65

    Wood Guardrail Construction

    • Proper Height
    • Midrails
    • Toeboards
    • Adequate Strength
66. Slide 66

    Cable Guardrail Construction

    • Proper Height
    • Cannot deflect below 39”
    • Marked every 6’
    • Terminations and Attachments
    • Maintenance!
67. Slide 67

    Holes

    • Covers
    • Guardrails
68. Slide 68

    Skylights

    • Must be protected
69. Slide 69

    Leading Edges

    • Catch Platforms
    • PFAS
    • Nets
    • In some instances (residential construction and pre-cast concrete), a site-specific fall protection plan
70. Slide 70

    Scaffolds

    • Supported
    • Fabricated Frame
    • Tube & Coupler
    • Wall Brackets
    • Form Brackets
    • Ladder Jacks
    • Pump Jacks
71. Slide 71

    Scaffolds

    • Suspended
    • Swings
    • Multi-point
    • Catenary
72. Slide 72

    Scaffolds

    • Access
    • Planking
    • Guardrails
    • Erection &
    • Dismantling
    • Training
73. Slide 73

    Scaffold Access

    • Bad
    • Better
74. Slide 74

    Scaffold Platform Construction

    • Bad
    • Better
75. Slide 75

    Scaffold Guardrails

    • Bad
    • Better
    • Be especially aware of scaffold ends!
76. Slide 76

    Use of Braces for Guardrails

    • < 48"
    • Install Mid Rail
    • 38 - 48"
    • Platform
    • Brace can be used as a Top Rail.
77. Slide 77

    Use of Braces for Guardrails

    • Install Top Rail
    • < 48"
    • 20 - 30"
    • Platform
    • Brace can be used as a Mid Rail
78. Slide 78

    Braces as Guardrails

    • The guardrails are in compliance using a 2x4 as one rail and the brace as the other rail.
    • May not be the safest way
79. Slide 79

    Scaffold Erection & Dismantling

    • “Competent Person” Determines Where Fall Protection is “Feasible” and Does Not Create a Greater Hazard
    • Using Scaffolds as Anchorage Points?
80. Slide 80

    Aerial Work Platforms

    • Boomlifts
    • Scissorlifts
    • Boom Trucks (Cherry
    • Pickers)
    • Mast Climbers
81. Slide 81

    Stairs

82. Slide 82

    Ladders

    • Extension
    • Step
    • Vertical Fixed
    • Job-built
83. Slide 83

    Ladders

    • Extension
84. Slide 84

    Ladders

    • Step
85. Slide 85

    Roofs

86. Slide 86

    Methods of Roof Fall Protection

    • Safety
    • Monitors
    • Guardrails and warning lines
    • Fall
    • Arrest
87. Slide 87

    Flat/Low Slope

    • 4:1 Slope or Less
    • Beyond the Use of Guardrails, OSHA Allows the Use of
    • Warning Lines
    • Safety Monitors
    • Recommended:
    • Guardrails or PFAS where feasible
    • Limited use of lines and monitors on flat roofs only
88. Slide 88

    Roof Warning Lines

    • Must be 6 feet back from edges (10’ with equipment)
    • NO CAUTION TAPE!
89. Slide 89

    Roof Warning Lines

    • These lines are down.
    • Warning lines must be maintained at 34 - 39” above the working surface
90. Slide 90

    Safety Monitor

    • Oversees work outside the warning lines.
    • Establishes the procedure to protect.
    • Workers must receive special training.
    • Use should be extremely limited
91. Slide 91

    High Slope

    • Over 4:1 Slope
    • OSHA Mandates
    • Guardrails
    • Catch Platforms
    • Nets
    • Restraint Devices
    • Personal Fall
    • Arrest Systems
    • (PFAS)
92. Slide 92

    Residential-type Construction

    • Wood frame
    • Maximum eave height 25’
    • Maximum total building height 48’
    • Additional definitions
93. Slide 93

    Residential-type Roof Requirements

    • (4:12 or less)
    • Safety Monitor Required
    • Safety Monitors must not be performing work.
    • Warning lines are OK 6 feet back.
    • No Slide Guard
    • Required, But
    • Highly Recommended
    • or less
    • Total Height
    • Less Than
    • 48 Feet
    • Eave Height Less Than
    • 25 Feet
94. Slide 94

    Roof Edge Slide Guards

    • BAD!
    • BETTER!
    • Slide guard must extend across the entire eave.
95. Slide 95

    Residential-type Roof Requirements

    • (4:12 - 6:12)
    • Slide Guard
    • Required Along
    • Entire Eave Edge
    • Total Height
    • Less Than
    • 48 Feet
    • Eave Height Less Than
    • 25 Feet
    • Guards must be extend across entire eave.
96. Slide 96

    What’s Wrong on this 6:12 Roof?

    • No slide guards
    • Ladder is not tied off and does not extend up 3 feet
97. Slide 97

    Residential-type Roof Requirements

    • (6:12 - 8:12)
    • While standing on the plank below, the employee must secure roof jacks, then climb up to the plank and continue to install the roof.
    • Remove in reverse order.
    • Total Height
    • Less Than
    • 48 Feet
    • Slide Guard
    • Required Along
    • Entire Eave Edge & Every 8 Feet
    • Eave Height
    • Less Than
    • 25 Feet
98. Slide 98

    Residential-type Roof

    • (Over 8:12 pitch or over 25 feet high)
    • Personal Fall Arrest System
    • Fall Protection
    • Required
    • And Higher
    • Guardrail
    • Conventional fall protection must be utilized.
    • Eave Height Greater Than 25 Feet
99. Slide 99

    Roof Guardrails

    • Guardrails are a positive option on high slope roofs
100. Slide 100

     Personal Fall Arrest Systems

     • Nets
     • As a Last Resort
101. Slide 101

     Primary Concerns

     • Impact Force to the Body Less Than 1800# (with a harness)
     • Maximum 6’ Free Fall Distance
     • May Not Hit Structures Below
     • Maximum Weight of Individual w/Tools of 310#
102. Slide 102

     Impact Force

     • Minimize Fall Distance
     • Tie off at or above D-ring height wherever possible
     • Use Shock Absorbers
     • Choose appropriate harnesses, and wear them properly
103. Slide 103

     Fall Distances

     • Total Fall Distance
     • Free Fall Distance
104. Slide 104

     Impacting Structures Below (Total Fall Distance)

     • Consider:
     • anchorage point location in relation to D-ring height
     • lanyard length,
     • harness elongation,
     • shock absorber opening length,
     • body below D-ring
     • body viscosity (soft tissue injuries!)
105. Slide 105

     Impacting Structures Below (Total Fall Distance)

     • 6’ Lanyard Length
     • 3.5’ Deceleration Device
     • 5’ From D-Ring to Worker’s Feet
     • 3’ Safety Factor (stretch, bounce, etc.)
     • Total 18.5’ below anchorage point
     • All distances are approximate, and shown for illustration only. This is why it is critical to maintain the safety factor distance!
106. Slide 106

     Free Fall Distance

     • How far a worker falls before shock absorbing or deceleration equipment begins to take effect
     • Affects both impact forces and total fall distance
     • Anchorage point location in relation to D-ring height
     • Below the D-ring allows excessive falls
     • Above the D-ring minimizes free fall to less than 6’
107. Slide 107

     Free Fall Distance or “Vertical Displacement”

     • 5’ From D-Ring to Worker’s Feet
     • 6’ Lanyard Length
     • 3.5’ Deceleration Device
     • 3’ Safety Factor (stretch, bounce, etc.)
     • Total 11’ travel distance of d-ring before fall arrest takes effect. This potential impact force exceeds many lanyard capacities (and OSHA standards).
     • When added to “total fall distance”, anchoring at the feet can become problematic
     • All distances are approximate, and shown for illustration only. This is why it is critical to maintain the safety factor distance!
108. Slide 108

     Minimizing Free Fall Distance or “Vertical Displacement”

     • 6’ Lanyard Length
     • 3.5’ Deceleration Device
     • Tie to anchor above the D-ring
     • Extended Lanyard Length Plus maximum 2’ extension (usually within inches)
     • Or use a retractable
     • Using an anchorage above the D-ring and a standard lanyard may still allow an employee to fall a distance that may be difficult to rescue from. Using a retractable minimizes forces on the body, and may make rescue easier (and therefore more timely)
     • All distances are approximate, and shown for illustration only. This is why it is critical to maintain the safety factor distance!
109. Slide 109

     Practical Implications of Total & Free

     • Fall Distance Added Together
     • These workers are tied to the beams they are standing on with choker slings.
     • How far will they fall?
110. Slide 110

     Watch Swing Falls

     • This worker is tied off using a retractable lifeline.
     • There is a major swing fall potential if he fell to either side.
     • Swing Fall
111. Slide 111

     Personal Fall Arrest Systems

     • Anchorage
     • Body
     • Connector
     • Harnesses
     • Caribiners
     • Rope Grabs
     • Beam Wraps
     • Lanyards
     • Positioning
112. Slide 112

     Anchorages

     • Must support 5000# per employee attached,
     • Or as part of a complete personal fall arrest system which maintains a safety factor of at least two
     • Or 3000# when using fall restraint or a Self- Retracting Lifeline (SRL, Retractable, or “yo-yo”) which limits free fall distance to 2 feet
     • Should always be at or above D-ring height
113. Slide 113

     Roof & Deck Anchors

     • Permanent Anchors
     • Wood Roof
     • Anchor
     • Metal Roof
     • Anchor
114. Slide 114

     Use of Eye Bolts

     • Rated for loading parallel to the bolt axis.
     • If wall mounted, the rating perpendicular to the axis must be good for 5,000 lbs. per employee
     • Rated
     • Needed
115. Slide 115

     Girder Grip Anchorage

     • Rings
     • These attachments can be mounted through bolt holes on steel members.
     • They are rated at 5,000 lbs. in all directions
116. Slide 116

     Beam Clamps

     • Beam clamps can make an effective anchorage when used properly, and with the correct lanyard
     • TIGHT
     • BEAM
     • CLAMP
     • PIN SET
     • Be sure pin is inserted full length and clamp is tight.
117. Slide 117
     • Beware of potential for pulling off of coped ends on filler beams!
118. Slide 118

     Horizontal Life Lines

     • Provide maneuverability.
     • Must be designed, installed and used under the guidance of a qualified person
     • This could be interpreted as requiring the use of manufactured systems, which is recommended
119. Slide 119

     Horizontal Line Engineering

     • 72,000 lb
     • 72,000 lb
     • 5,000 lb
     • 5,000 lb
     • Anchor stress depends on the sag angle of the line.
120. Slide 120

     Line Stanchions

     • 5,000lb.
     • The connection
     • 3 ft.
     • of the line
     • stanchion to the flange must support the bending moment applied to the base.
     • Bending
     • Moment
     • 15,000 ft-lb
121. Slide 121

     Body (Harnesses)

     • Need to be inspected frequently (daily before use by the worker, at least monthly by a Competent Person)
     • Should never be modified
     • Should be taken out of service immediately if defective or exposed to an impact
122. Slide 122

     Harness Fitting

     • Chest strap tightened at mid chest
     • “D” ring between shoulder blades
     • Proper snugness shoulder to hips
     • Leg straps snug but not binding
     • Butt strap supports the load
     • Harness must be sized for the worker
123. Slide 123

     Proper Adjustment Is Key

     • “Rules of Thumb”
     • Be able to reach your D-ring with your thumb
     • Maximum Four (flat)
     • Fingers of Slack at the legs, straps as high as comfortably possible
     • Ensure chest strap is across the chest/breastbone
     • Have a buddy double check for twists, etc…
124. Slide 124

     Harness Pressure Points

     • Spread load across butt strap and belt strap if on the harness
     • Excess pressure here can cut blood flow to the legs
     • Some studies have indicated permanent damage to the lower extremities when the worker hangs for more than twenty (20) minutes
125. Slide 125

     Connectors (Lanyards)

     • Should be inspected before each use
     • Should not be tied back to themselves (unless specifically designed for such use)
     • Should be worn with the impact absorber/shock pack at the d-ring
     • Should have the appropriate clip for the intended anchorage points
     • Do not use large climbing/rebar/ladder hooks with “beamers”
126. Slide 126

     Retractable

     • Lifelines
     • Very effective for vertical applications.
     • Will normally lock up in 1 –2 feet, minimizing total fall distance and impact forces on the worker’s body
127. Slide 127

     Do Not Hook Lanyards to Retractables!

     • This worker is hooked to a retractable lifeline with his lanyard.
     • This can cause hook failures and affect the locking capability of the retractable.
     • The retractable should be attached directly to the “D” ring.
128. Slide 128

     Positioning Systems

     • Positioning Devices Provide Hands-free Work
     • Additional Fall Protection (tie-off) may be required to move or access
129. Slide 129

     Positioning

130. Slide 130

     Restraint Devices

     • Provide Access but Prevent the Fall
     • Limit anchorage requirement to 3000#
     • May be more suitable for loading areas, scaffold erection and dismantling
     • Should be installed and used under the supervision of a Competent Person
131. Slide 131

     Fall Restraint

     • Restraint Line
     • Edge
     • Fall restraint assumes the employee cannot reach the edge.
     • He is basically on a short leash.
     • If the employee could reach to the edge and fall over the edge, he must be in fall arrest.
132. Slide 132

     Use of Restraint Cables

     • Example of restraint cables used during deck anchoring.
     • RESTRAINT CABLE
133. Slide 133

     Will This Work?

134. Slide 134

     Use of Safety Nets

     • Assumes the fall will occur
     • Assumes adequacy of the system (or requires testing)
135. Slide 135

     Nets

136. Slide 136

     Skyweb

137. Slide 137

     Planning For Rescue

     • Worst-case Scenario?
138. Slide 138

     When All Works!

139. Slide 139

     Rescue Plan Put Into Motion

140. Slide 140

     Safe

141. Slide 141

     On The Ground And Still Alive!

142. Slide 142

     Training

     • Define “Adequate”
143. Slide 143

     Training

     • By a “qualified” or “competent” person
     • The nature of hazards
     • Appropriate systems and use
     • Limitations
     • Evaluated
     • Re-training
     • Documentation/Certification?
144. Slide 144

     Classroom

145. Slide 145

     Hands-on

146. Slide 146

     Site Specific

147. Slide 147

     Planning for Fall Protection

     • Best practice dictates that fall protection becomes an integral part of the project planning process, from constructability, to systems installation, to use and maintenance
     • A project cannot be truly safe unless fall protection is incorporated into every phase of the construction process
     • Planning will keep workers safe and minimize liability for all parties involved