Safety Training for the Focus Four Hazards in the Construction Industry (AGC)

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1. Slide 1

   Safety Training for the

   • Focus Four Hazards
   • in the Construction Industry
2. Slide 2

   Disclaimer/Usage Notes

   • This material was produced under grant number 46C5-HT09 from the Occupational Safety and Health Administration, U.S. Department of Labor. It does not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the U.S. Department of Labor, nor does mention of trade names, commercial products, or organizations imply endorsement by the U.S. Government.
   • Photos shown in this presentation may depict situations that are not in compliance with applicable OSHA requirements.
   • It is not the intent of the content developers to provide compliance-based training in this presentation, the intent is more to address hazard awareness in the construction industry, and to recognize the overlapping hazards present in many construction workplaces.
   • It should NOT be assumed that the suggestions, comments, or recommendations contained herein constitute a thorough review of the applicable standards, nor should discussion of “issues” or “concerns” be construed as a prioritization of hazards or possible controls. Where opinions (“best practices”) have been expressed, it is important to remember that safety issues in general and construction jobsites specifically will require a great deal of site- or hazard-specificity – a “one size fits all” approach is not recommended, nor will it likely be very effective.
3. Slide 3

   Disclaimer/Usage Notes (continued)

   • No representation is made as to the thoroughness of the presentation, nor to the exact methods of remediation to be taken. It is understood that site conditions vary constantly, and that the developers of this content cannot be held responsible for safety problems they did not address or could not anticipate, nor those which have been discussed herein or during physical presentation. It is the responsibility of the employer, its subcontractors, and its employees to comply with all pertinent rules and regulations in the jurisdiction in which they work. Copies of all OSHA regulations are available from your local OSHA office, and many pertinent regulations and supporting documents have been provided with this presentation in electronic or printed format.
   • It is assumed that individuals using this presentation or content to augment their training programs will be “qualified” to do so, and that said presenters will be otherwise prepared to answer questions, solve problems, and discuss issues with their audiences.
   • Areas of particular concern (or especially suited to discussion) have additional information provided in the “notes” section of slides throughout the program…as a presenter, you should be prepared to discuss all of the potential issues/concerns, or problems inherent in those photos particularly.
4. Slide 4

   What Are the

   • Focus Four Hazards?
5. Slide 5

   Electrical Hazards

6. Slide 6

   Struck - By Hazards

7. Slide 7

   Caught - In - Between Hazards

8. Slide 8

   Fall

   • Hazards
9. Slide 9

   Fatality/Injury Data

10. Slide 10

    Fatality Data 2003 & 2004 2355 Total Fatalities

    • All Others
    • 21%
    • Struck By 24%
    • Electrical
    • 11%
    • Caught in Between
    • 10%
    • Fall 34%
    • Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics
11. Slide 11

    Primary Causes of Electrocution Fatalities

    • Contact with Overhead Powerlines
    • Contact with Live Circuits in Panels
    • Poorly Maintained Cords and Tools
    • Lightning Strikes
12. Slide 12

    Primary Causes of Struck-by Fatalities

    • Falling Objects
    • Rigging Failure
    • Loose or Shifting Materials
    • Equipment Tipover or Malfunction
    • Lack of Overhead Protection
    • Vehicle and Equipment Strikes
    • Backing Incidents
    • Workers on Foot
    • Flying Objects
13. Slide 13

    Primary Causes of Caught-in-Between Fatalities

    • Trench/Excavation Collapse
    • Rotating Equipment
    • Unguarded Parts
    • Equipment Rollovers
    • Equipment Maintenance
14. Slide 14

    Primary Causes of Fall-Related Fatalities

    • Unprotected sides, edges and holes
    • Improperly constructed walking/working surfaces
    • Improper use of access equipment
    • Failure to properly use PFAS
    • Slips and Trips (housekeeping)
15. Slide 15

    Citations

16. Slide 16

    Top 10 Focus Four Citations (FY 2005)

    • Subpart
    • Citations
    • Total Dollar Value
    • Description
    • 1926.451
    • 8,410
    • $7,682,185
    • Scaffolding
    • 1926.501
    • 5,728
    • $7,176,729
    • Fall Protection Scope/Applications/Definitions
    • 1926.1053
    • 2,122
    • $964,811
    • Ladders
    • 1926.651
    • 1,794
    • $2,104,067
    • Excavations, General Requirements
    • 1926.503
    • 1,581
    • $823,501
    • Fall Protection Training Requirements
    • 1926.20
    • 1,560
    • $868,881
    • Construction, General Safety and Health Provisions
    • 1926.100
    • 1,519
    • $792,414
    • Head Protection
    • 1926.453
    • 1,379
    • $1,285,758
    • Manually Propelled Mobile Ladder Stands and Scaffolds
    • 1926.404
    • 1,313
    • $644,886
    • Electrical, Wiring Design and Protection
    • 1926.652
    • 1,264
    • $3,117,087
    • Excavations, Requirements for Protective Systems
    • 1926.405
    • 1,157
    • $344,814
    • Elec. Wiring Methods, Components and Equip, Gen'l Use
    • Citation statistics from Federal OSHA data for OSHA fiscal year 2005
17. Slide 17

    Top Electrical Citations (FY 2005)

    • Electrical, Wiring Design and Protection
    • 1313
    • 1926.404
    • Elec. Wiring Methods, Components and Equipment, General Use
    • 1157
    • 1926.405
    • Electrical, General Requirements
    • 1926.403
    • Electrical, Safety-Related Work Practices, General Requirements
    • 1926.416
    • 1000
    • 1200
    • 1400
    • Citation statistics from Federal OSHA data for OSHA fiscal year 2005
18. Slide 18

    Top Struck-By Citations (FY 2005)

    • Head Protection
    • 1419
    • 1926.100
    • Eye and face protection
    • 1926.102
    • Criteria for PPE (Subpart B – Power Transmission and Distribution)
    • 1926.950
    • Material Handling Equipment
    • 1926.602
    • Concrete & Masonry
    • 1926.701
    • 1000
    • 1200
    • 1400
    • 1600
    • Citation statistics from Federal OSHA data for OSHA fiscal year 2005
19. Slide 19

    Top Caught-in-Between Citations

    • (FY 2005)
    • Excavations - General Requirements
    • 1926.651
    • 1794
    • Excavations – Protective Systems
    • 1926.652
    • 1264
    • Wood Working Equipment
    • 1926.304
    • Hand and Power Tools
    • 1926.300
    • 1000
    • 1500
    • 2000
    • Citation statistics from Federal OSHA data for OSHA fiscal year 2005
20. Slide 20

    Top Fall Protection Citations (FY 2005)

    • Scaffolding General
    • 1926.451
    • 8410
    • Fall Protection Scope
    • 1926.501
    • 5728
    • Ladders
    • 1926.1053
    • 2122
    • Fall protection training
    • 1926.503
    • 1581
    • Manually propelled scaffolds - Lifts
    • 1926.453
    • 1379
    • 2000
    • 4000
    • 6000
    • 8000
    • 10000
    • Citation statistics from Federal OSHA data for OSHA fiscal year 2005
21. Slide 21

    Fatality & Statistical Analysis

    • 85% of all citations and 90% of dollars applied as fines are related to the Focus Four Hazards
    • 79% of all fatalities are related to the Focus Four Hazards
22. Slide 22
    • NIOSH Fatality Assessment and Control Evaluation program (FACE) examples of fatalities caused by the Focus Four hazards
    • Electrocution
    • Struck-by
    • Caught-in
    • Fall
23. Slide 23

    Electrical Hazards

24. Slide 24

    Temporary Wiring and Lighting Systems

25. Slide 25

    Electrical Harm

    • Estimated Effects of AC Currents
    • (U.S. Standard 60 Hz)
    • 1 milliamp
    • (mA)
    • 16 mA
    • 20 – 30 mA
    • 100 mA
    • 2 Amps
    • 15/20/30
    • Amps
    • Barely perceptible
    • Maximum current an average man can grasp and “let go” Paralysis of respiratory muscles
    • Ventricular fibrillation threshold
    • Cardiac standstill and internal organ damage
    • Common U.S. household breakers
    • PATH:
    • Harm is related to the path by which current passes through the body.
26. Slide 26

    Ground Fault Circuit Interrupters (GFCI)

    • Monitors current flow between the hot and neutral wires
    • Trip between 4-6 mA in 1/40th of a second
27. Slide 27

    How GFCIs Work

28. Slide 28

    Assured Equipment Grounding Program

    • Inspection is your primary protection
    • Best practice recommends documented testing every 3 months
    • Color coding most common:
    • Winter
    • Spring
    • Summer
    • Fall
29. Slide 29

    Reverse Polarity Diagram

    • Hot
    • Switch
    • Neutral
    • Tool could be hot with the switch off
30. Slide 30

    Reverse Polarity

    • Hot wire and neutral wire are reversed
    • Even though a switch is off, the circuit could be hot
31. Slide 31

    Electrical Extension Cords

    • The primary insulation is cut
    • If the insulation was also cut on the conductors, exposing bare wires, they could come in contact with someone
    • Damage is often caused by repeated stretching or being run over
32. Slide 32

    Electrical

    • Wiring like this must be protected in closed boxes
    • There is the potential of electric shock from loose wire nuts or exposed conductors
33. Slide 33

    Electrical Panel Boxes

    • Live electrical panels must be completely covered with a hard cover (original intended equipment)
    • Employees could be exposed to live wires around the perimeter of this box
    • No Cardboard!
34. Slide 34

    Arc Flash Prevention

35. Slide 35

    An electric arc:

    • Typically lasts less than a second
    • Has extremely high radiant (heat) energy
    • Is explosive in nature (exerts great force)
    • Can ignite or melt conventional work clothing
36. Slide 37

    Electrical Arc

    • 35,000 °F
    • Molten Metal > 1800 ° F
    • Pressure Waves > 2000 lb/psf
    • Sound Waves >140db
    • Shrapnel > 740 mph
    • Copper Vapor:
    • Solid to Vapor
    • Expands by 67,000 times
    • Hot Air >500 ° F
    • Intense Light
37. Slide 38

    NFPA 70E Requirements

    • Arc flash boundaries must be known
    • Safe approach distances established and maintained
    • Marking equipment relative to hazards
    • Electrically safe (voltage rated) tools
    • PPE (ATPV)
    • Training
38. Slide 39

    DON’T!

    • The Best Way to Work on Energized Electrical Equipment?
    • Shut it down and lock it out
    • Establish an electrically safe working condition
39. Slide 40

    Overhead Powerlines

40. Slide 42

    The Sad Reality

41. Slide 43

    Power Line Facts

    • Overhead lines are typically not insulated. Any covering is generally a weather protection, not insulation.
    • Over 90 percent of the contacts occur on overhead distribution lines
    • Operators are normally safe if they stay on the equipment
    • Ground personnel are over 8 times more likely to be killed
42. Slide 44

    Electrical Damage to the Body

    • If you touch a power line, electricity will attempt to travel through your body
    • When electricity travels through the body, it heats up and burns body tissue internally
    • Electricity leaves the body violently, causing burns or even blowing an exit hole
43. Slide 45

    Maintain Safe Working Clearance

    • All equipment – ladders, scaffolds, cranes, trucks, forklifts, etc. – MUST maintain a minimum 10 foot clearance from 50 kV or less
    • Add .4 inches for every kV over 50 kV
44. Slide 46

    MINIMUM 10'

    • Distance
45. Slide 47

    Ensure Adequate Clearance

    • Install flag warnings at proper distances
    • If it is difficult for an operator to see the power lines, designate a spotter
    • If you cannot maintain adequate clearances, you must have the power company insulate, move or de-energize the line
46. Slide 48

    The Ground May Be Hot!

    • Electricity dissipates with the resistance of the ground
    • As potential drops, fields develop around the electrified machine
    • If you step across a line of unequal potential, you could be electrocuted
47. Slide 49

    If Contact Occurs

    • Stay on the machine if possible
    • Warn all others to stay away
    • Notify power company immediately
    • Attempt to move away but assure line is not “connected”
48. Slide 50

    Bail Out Procedures

    • If you must get out, jump with your feet together
    • Do not touch the machine
    • Hop or shuffle out of the area
49. Slide 51

    Incident Free

    • Planning
    • Training
    • Inspection
    • Oversight
    • Lessons learned
    • Re-evaluate
50. Slide 52

    Struck - By Hazards

51. Slide 53

    Crane Tip Over and Failure Incidents

    • Soft Ground
    • Inadequate outrigger support
    • Overload
    • Crane out of level
    • Boom strike
52. Slide 54

    Fatalities Handling Loads

    • Struck by the load
    • Rigging equipment failure
    • Rigging equipment overload
    • Improper rigging technique
53. Slide 55

    Inspect

    • All Slings
    • Slings must be inspected before each use
    • Slings should have tags that indicate capacities
54. Slide 56

    Highway Worker Fatalities

    • Contractor Equipment
    • Other
    • 41%
    • 18%
    • Vehicle Entering
    • Work Area
    • 22%
    • Traffic Crash
    • 19%
    • Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics
55. Slide 57

    Highway Equipment Related Fatalities

    • Passengers
    • 8%
    • Worker on Foot
    • 57%
    • Operators
    • 35%
    • Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics
56. Slide 58

    Equipment & Vehicle Hazards

57. Slide 59

    Striking Workers on Foot

58. Slide 60

    Poor Worker Position

    • This worker is out of the driver’s mirror view
59. Slide 61

    Pinned In/Under Equipment

    • A truck driver was working between the frame and dump box of a dump truck
    • The dump box dropped suddenly, crushing his head
60. Slide 63

    Equipment Does Roll Over!

61. Slide 64

    Wear Your Seat Belt!

    • When there is a roll-over hazard, there must be a seat belt
    • Always wear the seat belt
    • Only ride in the seat provided
    • No riding in buckets, on fenders or on steps
62. Slide 65

    Backing Equipment

    • Have audible back-up alarms
    • Have a spotter to direct the operator if visibility is restricted
    • Keep adequate clearance behind the vehicle
    • Always pay attention to backing equipment
63. Slide 66

    High Visibility Clothing

    • High visibility clothing refers to reflective garments that workers should wear whenever their work place contains hazards related to low visibility or when they work near vehicles or moving equipment
64. Slide 67

    Loading Equipment

    • Trailer secure and on a level surface
    • Inspect the deck for debris, blocking or chains
    • Have a spotter help properly align the equipment up the ramps
    • Be sure equipment is properly secured
65. Slide 68

    Maintenance Hazards

    • Workers under equipment that is insufficiently supported
66. Slide 69

    Materials Handling and Storage

67. Slide 70

    Stack and Store Materials Properly

    • No more than 4:1 height to base ratio
    • Secure all loads
    • Stack, block, and interlock
    • Keep at least 6' back from edges
    • Be prepared for heavy weather
68. Slide 71

    Transporting & Unloading Material

    • Pipes, stacks of material, etc., can roll off a truck when bindings are removed
    • Unsecured material can fall from forklifts and other equipment
69. Slide 72

    Pneumatic Nailers

    • Penetration checks must be made
    • Safety’s must be operational
    • All proper PPE must be worn
70. Slide 73

    Powder Actuated Tools

    • Never load the tool until you are ready to use it
    • Always insert the fastener before cocking the tool
    • Never cock the tool against the hand or point the tool at anyone
    • Always check penetrations and use proper loads
    • Wear appropriate PPE
71. Slide 74

    Incident Free

    • Planning
    • Training
    • Inspection
    • Oversight
    • Lessons learned
    • Re-evaluate
72. Slide 75

    Caught in Between Hazards

73. Slide 76

    Trench & Excavation

74. Slide 77

    Soil Mechanics

    • Soil weighs about 100 – 140 lb/cu.ft.
    • Each foot of depth adds more pressure side pressure
    • Once the pressure exceeds the ability of the soil to support itself, failure is possible
75. Slide 78

    Basic Requirements

    • CFR 1926.650-654
    • Work must be supervised by a “Competent Person”
    • Protection is required over 5 feet deep or if there is a possibility of a cave-in
    • Excavations must be inspected daily and/or with changes
    • Access/Egress is required over 4 feet deep
    • A rescue plan must be in place
76. Slide 79

    Trench Shields or Boxes

    • Engineered for Type C soils
    • Can be used with all classes of soils
    • Shields can be moved horizontally with workers inside
    • Worker must stay inside shields
77. Slide 81

    Barricade Excavations

    • Excavations must be barricaded or marked if they are not readily visible
78. Slide 82

    Utility Strikes

    • ZAP!
79. Slide 83

    Rescue

    • A rescue plan must be in place
    • Rescue of a buried worker is a slow and tedious process
80. Slide 84

    Causes of Fatalities Crushing

    • Caught under the truss boom during dismantling
    • Caught between crane and carriage
81. Slide 85

    Swinging/Rotating Equipment

82. Slide 86

    Barricade Swing Radius

    • Barricade the swing radius
    • Maintain 2' distance from fixed objects
83. Slide 87

    Mechanical Moving Parts

84. Slide 88

    Preventing / Controlling / Abating Maintenance Hazards

    • Lockout equipment
    • Place an energy-isolating device over the energy source
    • Bleed off stored energy
    • Lock it until the repair/maintenance work is completed
    • Tag out the equipment (when Lockout is not possible)
    • Place a tag over the energy source and start-up mechanisms
    • Label it with a written warning that remains in place until the work is done
    • Block disabled equipment
85. Slide 89

    Machine Guarding

    • Install and maintain all guards on tools and heavy equipment
86. Slide 90

    Miter Saws

    • This guard is bolted open
    • Guards must cover the blade and only retract as the blade cuts through material.
87. Slide 91

    Grinders & Abrasive Saws

    • Guards must remain in place and eye protection must be worn
    • Best practice is to use face shields and hearing protection
88. Slide 92

    Dumping Trucks

    • Stay clear of dump trucks while they are dumping
    • Trucks can become unstable with the boxes raised
    • Watch for spillage out of the end gates
    • If an end gate chain breaks, you could be covered in material
89. Slide 93

    Incident Free

    • Planning
    • Training
    • Inspection
    • Oversight
    • Lessons learned
    • Re-evaluate
90. Slide 94

    Fall Hazards

91. Slide 95

    Roofs

92. Slide 97

    Methods of Roof Fall Protection

    • Safety
    • Monitors
    • Guardrails and warning lines
    • Fall
    • Arrest
93. Slide 98

    Outside Warning Lines

    • Parapet up to at least 39"
    • Fall Restraint
    • Safety Monitors
94. Slide 99

    Open Sided Floors

    • Open edges on decks, roof, mezzanines, etc. over 6' high must be protected
95. Slide 100

    Stay Back from Edges

    • Stay away from edges unless work requires it
    • Always face the edge
    • Work from your knees
    • Fall
    • Hazard
96. Slide 101

    Don’t Create a Greater Hazard

97. Slide 102

    Holes

    • Covers
    • Guardrails
98. Slide 103

    Access Ways

    • Offset guardrails are recommended
    • Watch for tripping hazards at tops of ladders and stairs
99. Slide 104

    Material Handling Platforms & Hoist Areas

    • Material handling platforms must have guardrails
    • When the guardrails are opened to receive material, workers must be tied off
    • Gates are preferred to removable rails
100. Slide 105

     Slip & Trip Hazards

     • Housekeeping!
     • Watch trip hazards
     • Here trash creates a trip hazard for everyone in the building
101. Slide 106

     Stairways

     • Stair pans should not be used for access until poured, and until guardrails and handrails installed
     • Be sure all debris is removed immediately
102. Slide 107

     Scaffolds & Ladders

103. Slide 108

     Scaffold Requirements

     • Be on a firm foundation with base plates
     • Be plumb, square and adequately braced
     • Have a fully planked work deck
     • Have guardrails over 10 feet
     • Be tied-in over 4:1 height to base ratio
     • Have an adequate means of access and egress
104. Slide 109

     Good Foundations

     • Mason’s Adjustable
     • Frames
     • Hydro-mobile
105. Slide 110

     Access

     • No access by cross braces
     • Bottom rung can not be more than 24" high
     • You must use a ladder or frames designed to be used as ladders
106. Slide 111

     Proper Access

     • Ladder Platform
     • Ladder Tower with gate
     • Ladder Frame
     • Stairway Frame
107. Slide 112

     Baker-type

     • Scaffolds
     • Baker scaffolds can be unstable
     • Never use a double stack without outriggers
108. Slide 113

     Falling Object Protection 1926.451(h)

     • Toe boards at edges of platforms
     • Use panels or screens when accessed from below
     • Barricade areas below
     • Use canopies where walkways cross underneath
109. Slide 114

     Ladder Types

     • Type I-AA ladders are extra heavy duty and can handle up to 375 lbs.
     • Type I-A ladders are heavy-duty and can handle up to 300 lbs.
     • Type I ladders can hold up to 250 lbs.
     • Type II ladders can hold 225 lbs.
     • Type III ladders are for light duty only and can hold up to 200 lbs.
110. Slide 115

     Read the Warning Labels

     • Labels are there for a reason!
111. Slide 116

     Proper Ladder Climbing

     • Use both hands to climb a ladder
     • Always face the ladder when climbing, descending or working
     • Avoid the top two steps of a stepladder and the top four rungs on other ladders
112. Slide 117

     Don’t Lean a Step Ladder

     • The support leg can contact the ground causing the step leg to kick out
     • Also employees should not work from the top or second step
113. Slide 118

     Do Not Stand On The Top Step!!!

     • Obey the Labels!!
     • NO!
114. Slide 119

     Working Above Protections

     • When employees work above railings, they must be protected from falling over the railings.
115. Slide 120

     Set Feet Properly

     • Firm Base
     • Set both feet level and on the pads
     • Soft Base
     • Set on the spikes and seat the ladder in the ground.
116. Slide 121

     Proper Access Ladders

     • Ladders should be set at 1 horizontal to 4 vertical
     • Ladders must be secured
     • Ladder access ways must be guarded
     • Ladders must extend 3' above the landing surface, or an adequate grabrail must be provided
117. Slide 122

     Bridges

118. Slide 123

     Bridge Fall Protection

     • Bridge edges must be protected
     • When working over water flotation devices must be worn
119. Slide 124

     Falls While Decking

     • Leading edges must be protected
120. Slide 125

     Equipment

     • Do not jump from equipment
     • Use three point contact at all times
     • Be sure of your footing
     • Do not strain your shoulders
     • Be sure steps are clear of mud and ice
121. Slide 126

     Protect Yourself

122. Slide 127

     Proper Seats

123. Slide 128

     Competent Person

     • A competent person is someone who:
     • Is capable of identifying existing and predictable hazards in the surroundings or working conditions that are unsanitary, hazardous, or dangerous to employees, and
     • Has the authorization to take prompt corrective measures to eliminate them
124. Slide 129

     Incident Free

     • Planning
     • Training
     • Inspection
     • Oversight
     • Lessons learned
     • Re-evaluate
125. Slide 130

     Summary

     • The focus four hazards are responsible for the majority of physical, financial, and emotional losses in construction — and they exist on nearly every jobsite.
     • It takes a well-trained crew (the entire crew!) and lots of pre-planning to recognize and respond to those hazards. Safety is everyone's responsibility — ALL of the time.