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Focus Four: Struck-By Hazards Instructor Guide
OSHA instructor guide/lesson plan for the Focus Four struck-by module.
Page text
· 56 of 65 pages · by U.S. Department of Labor, OSHA
The words on each page as the author wrote them, read from the file by software so they can be searched. Layout, pictures and tables are not shown here, and long pages are shortened: the pages above and the download are the original.
- Page 1
Construction Focus Four: Struck‐By Hazards
- OSHA Training Institute
- I NSTRUCTOR G UIDE
- OSHA Directorate of Training and Education
- April 2011
- Page 3
Table of Contents
- Construction Focus Four: Struck-By Hazards
- Online Resources … ii Overview … 1
- Topic 1: What is a struck-by hazard? … 3
- A. Definition … 3
- B. Examples … 3
- C. Statistics … 4
- Topic 2. What are the common types of struck-by hazards in construction? … 6
- A. Struck-by flying object … 6
- B. Struck-by falling object … 8
- C. Struck-by swinging object … 9
- D. Struck-by rolling object … 10
- Topic 3. How can I protect myself from struck-by hazards? … 12
- A. Heavy equipment [cranes, excavators, etc.] … 12
- …
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Construction Focus Four: Struck-By Hazards
- Page 5
Construction Focus Four: Struck-By Hazards
- TRAINER PREPARATION GUIDANCE
- The “Construction Focus Four: Struck-By Hazards” lesson is part of the 4-hour block consisting of segments on each of the Focus Four Hazards: Falls, Caught-In or -Between, Struck-By and Electrocution. Because most construction fatalities are caused by fall hazards, falls must be covered for at least one hour, and we recommend at least one hour and 15 minutes. …
- …
- Page 6
Construction Focus Four: Struck-By Hazards
- Online Resources
- Bureau of Labor Statistics, Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries http://www.bls.gov/iif/oshcfoi1.htm
- Electronic Library of Construction Occupational Safety & Health materials, Struck-by Hazards - developed by CPWR, Center for Construction Research and Training, with funding from NIOSH NOTE: Materials may be copyrighted. http://www.elcosh.org/en/browse/71/struck-by.html
- Nail Gun Safety, CPWR Hazard Alert http://www.cpwr.com/hazpdfs/Nail%20Gun%20Safety%202pg%20flier%20FINA…
- …
- Page 7
Construction Focus Four: Struck-By Hazards
- Overview
- The purpose of this lesson is to provide workers with information that will enable them to recognize common struck-by hazards at construction worksites. This Instructor Guide is intended to be used when presenting the OSHA Training Institute Construction Outreach 10- and 30-hour course. The lesson is comprised of the following four topics:
- 1. What is a struck-by hazard?
- 2. What are the common types of struck-by hazards in construction?
- …
- Page 8
Construction Focus Four: Struck-By Hazards
- Instruction for this session:
- 1. Ask the class if they can give an example of a hazard on a construction site that could cause a worker to be struck-by. Discuss the examples with the class. Be sure that examples of the most common struck-by hazards (flying, falling, swinging and rolling) are covered.
- 2. Discuss “Content” sections of all topics.
- 3. Show photos of struck-by hazards and have the class identify the hazards shown in each. …
- …
- Page 9
Construction Focus Four: Struck-By Hazards
- Topic 1: What is a struck-by hazard?
- NOTES:
- A. Definition
- B. Examples
- C. Statistics
- Content for Topic 1:
- Struck-by injuries are produced by forcible contact or impact between the injured person and an object or piece of equipment. Having said that, it is important to point out that in construction, struck-by hazards can resemble caught–in or –between hazards.
- According to OSHA, “Struck” is defined as: injuries produced by forcible contact or impact between the injured person and an object…
- …
- Page 10
Construction Focus Four: Struck-By Hazards
- Four workers were installing signs on a highway, when a pick-up truck changed several lanes and entered the work area. The truck struck one of the workers, knocking him off the road and over a bridge rail. He fell approximately 18 ft and died. Four workers were struck by an exterior wall while attempting to lift it in place. Three of the workers received bruises and contusions. One of the workers received a fractured leg and was hospitalized.
- …
- Page 11
Construction Focus Four: Struck-By Hazards
- In the table below, the 2008 numbers are shown for “Crane-Related Deaths” which shows that when working with cranes, the struck-by death and injury count represents 28% of the total.
- Causes of Construction Worker Crane-Related Deaths &
- Injuries, Jan. 1–Dec. 31, 2008*
- # Incidents
- Deaths
- Injuries
- Crane collapses
- 34 (39%)
- Overhead power line contacts
- 12 (14%)
- Struck by crane load
- 12 (14%)
- Struck by other crane parts
- 10 (11%)
- Other causes*
- 20 (23%)
- Cause
- Total
- NOTES:
- …
- Page 12
Construction Focus Four: Struck-By Hazards
- Topic 2. What are the common types of struck-by hazards in construction?
- NOTES:
- A. Struck-by flying object
- B. Struck-by falling object
- C. Struck-by swinging object
- D. Struck-by rolling object
- Content for Topic 2
- Major Hazards:
- Flying object hazard exists when something has been thrown, hurled, or is being propelled across space. It can include instances when a piece of material separates from a tool, machine or other equipment, striking a worker, resulting in injuries or fatality.
- …
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Construction Focus Four: Struck-By Hazards
- NOTES:
- A worker was killed when a blast of compressed air from a gas pipeline struck him. A compressor was started to fill the pipeline with compressed air in an effort to push out a "pig." when the pipeline suddenly cleared, the employee was still in the way and was killed. The area should have been cleared before the compressor was started.
- The victim was in the process of using an 8-foot step ladder to gain height to nail a strap onto a residential home single story construction…
- …
- Page 14
Construction Focus Four: Struck-By Hazards
- B. Struck-by falling object
- Major Hazards:
- When the source of injury is falling from an elevation to a lower level, including instances where the injured person is crushed, pinned, or caught under a falling object, other than collapsing material or structures, resulting from being struck by a falling object or equipment.
- NOTES:
- Refer to online resources page to review: Preventing Fatal Struck-
- Bys in Construction, OSHA page;
- Struck-Bys from Elevations, NIOSH page; Aerial Lifts OSHA
- …
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Construction Focus Four: Struck-By Hazards
- Classroom Exercise
- Fatal Facts Accident Summary Report 8
- Discuss the following accident and how it could have been prevented.
- Ball and socket connectors are used to attach conductor stringing blocks to insulators on the arms of 90 foot metal towers of electrical transmission lines. Normally stainless steel cotter keys secure the ball and socket connector in place. In this case, however, black electrical tape was wrapped around the socket to keep the ball in place rather than a cotter key. …
- …
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Construction Focus Four: Struck-By Hazards
- Examples of accidents related to struck-by swinging hazards:
- NOTES:
- Worker was working within the swing radius of a barge-mounted crane used in dredging operations. He was hit and killed.
- Two workers were instructed by their foreman to set up on a ground slab in the southeastern corner of a building. They were to land and place reinforcing steel using a crane. A truck crane was positioned at street level, 30 ft higher in elevation than the ground slab and approximately 162 ft from the…
- …
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Construction Focus Four: Struck-By Hazards
- Worker suffered fatal injuries after being struck by a moving semi truck while loading/unloading freight.
- Worker was performing repair operations on an impact attenuator and was struck by a truck. Worker was flagging traffic and was struck by a truck.
- A four-person ground crew was working with a mobile under-hung bridge crane. The crane ran over one of the crew members, who had walked too close to the wheel of the crane. The employee died of his injuries.
- …
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Construction Focus Four: Struck-By Hazards
- Topic 3. How can I protect myself from struck-by hazards?
- A. Heavy equipment [cranes, excavators, etc.]
- B. Motor vehicles [trucks, cars, etc.]
- C. General safe work practices
- D. Personal protective equipment (PPE)
- CONTENT for Topic 3:
- NOTES:
- Distribute Focus 4 “Cranes and Rigging” Construction Safety Council handout [Appendix D]
- Stay away from heavy equipment when it’s operating – In fact, be alert to the location of all heavy equipment whether in use or not
- …
- Page 19
Construction Focus Four: Struck-By Hazards
- Classroom Exercise
- Fatal Facts Accident Summary Report 4
- NOTES:
- Discuss the following accident and how it could
- Distribute student worksheet, Fatal have been prevented.
- Facts Accident Summary No. 4
- A crew of ironworkers and a crane operator were [Appendix C] unloading a 20-ton steel slab from a low-boy trailer using a 50-ton crawler crane with 90-foot lattice boom. The operator was inexperienced on this crane and did not know the length of the boom. …
- …
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Construction Focus Four: Struck-By Hazards
- B. Motor vehicles [trucks, cars, etc.]
- NOTES:
- Vehicle safety practices must be observed at construction sites to limit worker exposure to struck-by hazards such as struck-by swinging backhoes, struck-by falling/overturning vehicles, and struck-by trucks or cars.
- For additional information:
- 29 CFR 1926 Subpart G, Signs, signals, and barricades.
- 1926.201, Signaling
- 29 CFR 1926 Subpart O, Motor vehicles, mechanized equipment,
- To avoid these types of hazards, workers should:
- …
- Page 21
Construction Focus Four: Struck-By Hazards
- C. General safe work practices
- NOTES:
- When working with compressed air: ► Reduce air pressure to 30 psi if used for cleaning, and use only with appropriate guarding and proper protective equipment; and ► Never clean clothing with compressed air
- When working with hand tools: ► Do not use tools with loose, cracked or splintered handles; and ► Do not use impact tools with mushroomed heads
- When working with machines, such as jack hammers, pavement saws: ► Be sure to be trained on safe…
- …
- Page 22
Construction Focus Four: Struck-By Hazards
- Classroom Exercise
- Tool Box Talks 3
- Discuss the following accident and how it could have been prevented.
- NOTES:
- Distribute worksheets for Tool Box Talks 3 [Appendix B].
- A worker was cutting a 6-inch steel water pipe with a gas-powered abrasive wheel when the saw kicked back and struck the worker’s face shield, resulting in a laceration and two fractures to the nose.
- D. Personal protective equipment (PPE)
- Eye and face protection:
- Use based on anticipated hazards
- …
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Construction Focus Four: Struck-By Hazards
- Topic 3 Review Exercise
- Discuss with the class:
- NOTES:
- 1. How can we work safely around heavy equipment?”
- 1. Possible Answers:
- What are the hazards?
- Heavy equipment backing over workers, cranes hitting workers during swings, equipment dropping loads onto workers, workers not visible at night.
- What are the results?
- What should we look for?
- Broken bones, head injuries, death
- What should we look for? Heavy equipment traffic, poor visibility, working backup alarms, cranes with swing radius…
- …
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Construction Focus Four: Struck-By Hazards
- Topic 4. What is my employer required to do to protect workers from struck-by hazards?
- NOTES:
- A. Heavy equipment [cranes, excavators, etc.]
- B. Motor vehicles [trucks, cars, etc.]
- C. General requirements for protecting workers
- D. Provide personal protective equipment (PPE)
- E. Training
- Content for Topic 4:
- A. Heavy equipment [cranes, excavators, etc.] Employers must:
- Determine whether the ground is sufficiently level and firm to support the anticipated weight of hoisting equipment and…
- …
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Construction Focus Four: Struck-By Hazards
- B. Motor vehicles [trucks, cars, etc.]
- The employer is required to do the following:
- Conduct a hazard assessment of the worksite using the job-site coordinator (supervisor or foreman) who should ► Make a thorough assessment of potential worksite safety hazards;
- Plan for work being conducted in close proximity of a public road or highway and for the safe handling of intermittent roadway traffic stoppages, such as a truck entering a roadway; and ► Plan the entry and exit to and from the…
- …
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Construction Focus Four: Struck-By Hazards
- Compressed air used for cleaning purposes is reduced to less than 30 pounds per square inch (psi) and provide effective chip guarding and PPE
- All materials stored in tiers are secured to prevent sliding, falling, or collapsing
- Toeboards are erected along the edge of overhead walking/working surfaces
- NOTES:
- D. Provide personal protective equipment (PPE) Employers must:
- Pay for PPE as required by OSHA
- Provide and require the use of appropriate PPE in all operations where there is an…
- …
- Page 27
Construction Focus Four: Struck-By Hazards
- Instruct workers in the recognition and avoidance of unsafe conditions and the regulations applicable to his/her work environment to control or eliminate any hazards or other exposure to illness or injury
- Ensure that qualified operators and riggers have been trained on rigging safety
- Topic 4 Review Exercise
- Classroom Exercise
- Fatal Facts Accident Summary Report 4
- NOTES:
- The basic Rules of Rigging all qualified operators and riggers must know is to:
- …
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Construction Focus Four: Struck-By Hazards
- Summary
- During this lesson, workers have been given an overview of common struck-by hazards, ways to protect themselves, and what employers must do to protect workers from struck-by hazards.
- NOTES:
- Conduct lesson test
- Distribute student copies and allow time for students to complete the test. When they have finished, provide and discuss the correct answers with the class.
- Instructor answer key and student copies of the lesson test are provided in Appendix A.
- …
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Construction Focus Four: Struck-By Hazards
- References/Sources
- Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) website http://www.bls.gov
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)/The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) website http://www.cdc.gov/niosh
- Construction Hazard Awareness, by the University of Alabama Continuing
- Studies Environmental and Industrial Programs website http://alabamasafestate.ua.edu
- Construction Safety Council website http://www.buildsafe.org
- …
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Construction Focus Four: Struck-By Hazards
- Page 31
APPENDIX A
- Appendix A: Struck-By Hazards Lesson Test
- Instructor Copy - answers provided separately See file: Struck-By_TestwAns_April2011.pdf
- Student copy to distribute follows
- A1
- Page 32
APPENDIX A
- A2
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Construction Focus Four: Struck-By Hazards Lesson Test
- NAME: ___
- DATE: ___/___/___
- 1. Struck-by injuries are produced by forcible contact or impact between the injured person and a/n ___.
- a. High voltage power line or other energy source
- b. Object or piece of equipment
- c. Co-worker or employer
- 2. The following are examples of struck-by hazards. Which one is an example of a struck-by flying hazard?
- a. Hit by a nail from a nail gun
- b. Hit by a load dropped from a crane
- c. Run over by a vehicle in a roadway work zone
- …
- Page 35
APPENDIX B
- Appendix B: Focus Four Toolbox Talks
- Contents:
- Focus Four Toolbox Talks 1 and 2 are Activity Options A and B [Instructor and Student copies]
- Focus Four Toolbox Talks 3
- Page B1
- Page 36
APPENDIX B
- Page B2
- Page 37
APPENDIX B
- OPTION A: Focus Four Toolbox Talks 1 [Instructor copy]
- Actual Incident:
- A 36-year-old construction inspector for the county died when an asphalt dump truck backed over him. The inspector was wearing an orange reflective vest and hard-hat and the dump truck had a backup alarm that was functioning. The truck traveled approximately 770 feet in reverse.
- Ask the following question.
- How do we prevent these results?
- Never work directly under a suspended load.
- Watch for signs of problems during each lift.
- …
- Page 38
APPENDIX B
- Page B4
- Page 39
OPTION A: Focus Four Toolbox Talks 1 [Student copy]
- Actual Incident:
- A 36-year-old construction inspector for the county died when an asphalt dump truck backed over him. The inspector was wearing an orange reflective vest and hard-hat and the dump truck had a backup alarm that was functioning. The truck traveled approximately 770 feet in reverse.
- How do we prevent these results?
- Additional discussion notes:
- Modified reproduction of material produced under grant number SH-16591-07-06-F-11 from the Occupational Safety and Health…
- …
- Page 41
APPENDIX B
- OPTION B: Focus Four Toolbox Talks 2 [Instructor copy]
- Actual Incident:
- A 56-year-old truck driver was crushed when a crane tipped over and the crane’s boom landed on the cab of the dump truck in which he was sitting. The crane had been lowering an empty 4-yard concrete bucket, while booming out.
- Ask the following question.
- How do we prevent these results?
- Operators must know the capacity of their equipment and work from a load chart.
- Workers on the ground should always keep an eye on nearby operations and never assume…
- …
- Page 42
APPENDIX B
- Page B2
- Page 43
OPTION B: Focus Four Toolbox Talks 2 [Student copy]
- Actual Incident:
- A 56-year-old truck driver was crushed when a crane tipped over and the crane’s boom landed on the cab of the dump truck in which he was sitting. The crane had been lowering an empty 4-yard concrete bucket, while booming out.
- How do we prevent these results?
- Additional discussion notes:
- Modified reproduction of material produced under grant number SH-16591-07-06-F-11 from the Occupational Safety and Health Administration, U.S. Department of Labor. …
- …
- Page 45
APPENDIX B
- Focus Four Toolbox Talks 3 [Instructor copy]
- Actual Incident:
- A worker was cutting a 6-inch steel water pipe with a gas-powered abrasive wheel when the saw kicked back and struck the worker’s face shield, resulting in a laceration and two fractures to the nose.
- Ask the following question.
- How do we prevent these results?
- Wear safety glasses and face shields when working with these tools.
- Make sure workers using powder-actuated tools have been trained. If not, they are a risk to everyone working nearby.
- …
- Page 46
APPENDIX B
- Page B2
- Page 47
Focus Four Toolbox Talks 3 [Student copy]
- Actual Incident:
- A worker was cutting a 6-inch steel water pipe with a gas-powered abrasive wheel when the saw kicked back and struck the worker’s face shield, resulting in a laceration and two fractures to the nose.
- How do we prevent these results?
- Additional discussion notes:
- Modified reproduction of material produced under grant number SH-16591-07-06-F-11 from the Occupational Safety and Health Administration, U.S. Department of Labor. …
- …
- Page 49
APPENDIX C
- Appendix C: Fatal Facts Accident Summary Reports
- Contents:
- Fatal Facts Accident Report #2 Fatal Facts Accident Report #4 Fatal Facts Accident Report #8 Fatal Facts Accident Report #51
- C1
- Page 50
APPENDIX C
- C2
- Page 51
APPENDIX C
- ACCIDENT SUMMARY No. 2
- Accident Type:
- Weather Conditions:
- Type of Company:
- Size of Work Crew:
- Union or Non-union:
- Worksite Inspection?:
- Designated Competent Person on Site?:
- Employer Safety and Health Program?:
- Training and Education for Employees?:
- Craft of Deceased Employee(s):
- Age;Sex
- Time of the Job:
- Time at the Task
- Struck by Nail
- N/A
- General Contractors
- Union
- No
- No
- No
- No
- Carpenter
- 22; Male
- 3:00 p.m.
- Unknown
- BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF ACCIDENT
- …
- Page 52
APPENDIX C
- ACCIDENT SUMMARY No. 4
- Accident Type:
- Struck by Collapsing Crane
- Boom
- Weather Conditions:
- Clear
- Type of Company:
- General Contractor
- Size of Work Crew:
- Union or Non-union:
- Union
- Worksite Inspections Conducted:
- Yes
- Designated Competent Person on Site
- Yes
- (1926.20(b)(2)):
- Employer Safety Health Program:
- Yes
- Training and Education for
- Yes
- Employees:
- Craft of Deceased Employee(s):
- Age & Sex
- Iron Worker
- Management Trainee
- Ironworker-35; male Management Trainee- 26; male
- Time on the Job: Time on Task:
- 1 hour 1 hour
- …
- Page 53
APPENDIX C
- ACCIDENT SUMMARY No. 8
- Accident Type:
- Weather Conditions:
- Type of Operation:
- Size of Work Crew:
- Union or Non-union
- Competent Safety Monitor on Site:
- Safety and Health Program in Effect:
- Was the Worksite Inspected
- Regularly:
- Training and Education Provided:
- Employee Job Title:
- Age & Sex:
- Experience at this Type of Work:
- Time on Project:
- Struck by Falling Object
- Clear
- Transmission Tower
- Construction
- Union
- Yes
- Yes
- Yes
- No
- Groundman (Framer)
- 24-Male
- 2 Years
- 3 Days
- BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF ACCIDENT
- …
- Page 54
APPENDIX C
- ACCIDENT SUMMARY No. 51
- Accident Type:
- Weather Conditions:
- Type of Operation:
- Size of Work Crew:
- Collective Bargaining
- Competent Safety Monitor on Site:
- Safety and Health Program in Effect:
- Was the Worksite Inspected
- Regularly:
- Training and Education Provided:
- Employee Job Title:
- Age & Sex:
- Experience at this Type of Work:
- Time on Project:
- Struck By Clear/Cool/Windy
- Construction
- Maintainence
- Yes
- No
- No
- Inadequate*
- No
- Laborer
- 33-Male
- 18 Weeks
- 1 Day
- BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF ACCIDENT
- …
- Page 55
ACCIDENT SUMMARY No. 2
- Accident Type:
- Weather Conditions:
- Type of Company:
- Size of Work Crew:
- Union or Non-union:
- Worksite Inspection?:
- Designated Competent Person on Site?:
- Employer Safety and Health Program?:
- Training and Education for Employees?:
- Craft of Deceased Employee(s):
- Age;Sex
- Time of the Job:
- Time at the Task
- Struck by Nail
- N/A
- General Contractors
- Union
- No
- No
- No
- No
- Carpenter
- 22; Male
- 3:00 p.m.
- Unknown
- BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF ACCIDENT
- A carpenter apprentice was killed when he was struck in the head by a nail that was fired…
- …
- Page 56
ACCIDENT SUMMARY No. 4
- Accident Type:
- Struck by Collapsing Crane
- Boom
- Weather Conditions:
- Clear
- Type of Company:
- General Contractor
- Size of Work Crew:
- Union or Non-union:
- Union
- Worksite Inspections Conducted:
- Yes
- Designated Competent Person on Site
- Yes
- (1926.20(b)(2)):
- Employer Safety Health Program:
- Yes
- Training and Education for
- Yes
- Employees:
- Craft of Deceased Employee(s):
- Age & Sex
- Iron Worker
- Management Trainee
- Ironworker-35; male Management Trainee- 26; male
- Time on the Job: Time on Task:
- 1 hour 1 hour
- …
- Page 57
ACCIDENT SUMMARY No. 8
- Accident Type:
- Weather Conditions:
- Type of Operation:
- Size of Work Crew:
- Union or Non-union
- Competent Safety Monitor on Site:
- Safety and Health Program in Effect:
- Was the Worksite Inspected
- Regularly:
- Training and Education Provided:
- Employee Job Title:
- Age & Sex:
- Experience at this Type of Work:
- Time on Project:
- Struck by Falling Object
- Clear
- Transmission Tower
- Construction
- Union
- Yes
- Yes
- Yes
- No
- Groundman (Framer)
- 24-Male
- 2 Years
- 3 Days
- BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF ACCIDENT
- …
- Page 58
ACCIDENT SUMMARY No. 51
- Accident Type:
- Weather Conditions:
- Type of Operation:
- Size of Work Crew:
- Collective Bargaining
- Competent Safety Monitor on Site:
- Safety and Health Program in Effect:
- Was the Worksite Inspected
- Regularly:
- Training and Education Provided:
- Employee Job Title:
- Age & Sex:
- Experience at this Type of Work:
- Time on Project:
- Struck By Clear/Cool/Windy
- Construction
- Maintainence
- Yes
- No
- No
- Inadequate*
- No
- Laborer
- 33-Male
- 18 Weeks
- 1 Day
- BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF ACCIDENT
- …
- Page 59
APPENDIX D
- Appenidx D: Student Handouts
- Contents:
- Hazard Alert – Nail Gun Safety
- Focus 4 “Cranes and Rigging”
- PPE for Workers Checklist
- D1
- Page 60
APPENDIX D
- D2
- Page 65
PPE for Workers Checklist
- Protection
- TYPICAL OPERATIONS OF CONCERN
- EYE
- Sawing, cutting, drilling, sanding, grinding, hammering, chopping, abrasive blasting, punch press operations, etc.
- YES
- NO
- Pouring, mixing, painting, cleaning, siphoning, dip tank operations, dental and health care services, etc.
- Battery charging, installing fiberglass insulation, compressed air or gas operations, etc.
- Welding, cutting, laser operations, etc.
- FACE
- Pouring, mixing, painting, cleaning, siphoning, dip tank operations, etc.
- …
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