Introduction to Industrial Hygiene

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1. Slide 1

   Introduction to Industrial Hygiene

   • MODULE 12
2. Slide 2

   What is Industrial Hygiene?

   • Industrial hygiene is the science of anticipating, recognizing, evaluating, and controlling workplace conditions that may cause workers' injury or illness.
   • Key factors:
   • Employee exposure to hazards
   • Control for hazards to protect workers
3. Slide 3

   Steps to Protect Employees

   • Anticipate potential hazards
   • Recognize potential hazards
   • Evaluate exposure and risk
   • Control exposure and risk
   • (Not just for health hazards)
4. Slide 4

   Hierarchy of Controls

   • 1. Engineering controls: Remove hazard
   • Process change, Chemical substitution Ventilation, Shielding, Guarding Requires little or no employee action
   • 2. Administrative controls: Manage exposure
   • Worker rotation, Procedures, Training Trench shoring, Controlled access areas Requires employee action
5. Slide 5

   Hierarchy of Controls

   • 3. Personal protective equipment (PPE)
   • Respirators, Gloves, Boots, Clothing Fall protection equipment, Hard hats Requires individual employee action Last line of defense, behind engineering and administrative controls
   • Addressed in 29 CFR 1910 Subpart I
6. Slide 6

   Chemical exposures in oil and gas operations

   • What chemicals are used in oil and gas operations?
   • How can employees be exposed?
   • What toxic effects do these chemicals have?
   • How can employees be protected from these effects?
7. Slide 7

   Toxic and Hazardous Substances

   • 29 CFR Subpart Z
8. Slide 8

   29 CFR Subpart Z

   • 1910.1000 Air Contaminants:
   • Includes Z tables: worker exposure limits for specific listed substances
   • Employee exposure cannot exceed limits
   • Tables Z-1, Z-2, Z-3 each have their own requirements
   • PEL = Permissible Exposure Limit
9. Slide 9

   29 CFR Subpart Z

   • 1910.1001-1096:
   • Specific regulations for individual substances including:
   • asbestos (1910.1001);
   • lead (1910.1025);
   • bloodborne pathogens (1910.1030), and others
   • 1910.1200 Hazard Communication
10. Slide 10

    1910.1000(a) - Table Z-1

    • Derived from 1968 ACGIH TLVs
    • American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists
    • Threshold Limit Values
    • Levels thought to cause no significant adverse health effects in the majority of the community
    • CHECK
11. Slide 11

    1910.1000(a) - Table Z-1

    • Lists common workplace chemicals
    • Two types of limits:
    • 8-hour Time Weighted Average (TWA) or
    • Ceiling (C) limits
    • Employee exposure shall at no time exceed a ceiling (C) exposure limit
12. Slide 12

    1910.1000(a) - Table Z-1

    • 8-hour Time Weighted Averages (TWA)
    • Employee exposure shall not exceed 8-hour TWA in any 8-hour work shift of a 40-hour work week
    • Calculations illustrated in (d)
    • Units:
    • Parts per million (ppm)
    • Milligrams per cubic meter (mg/m 3 )
13. Slide 13

    Table Z-1 Examples

    • Substance
    • 8-hr TWA
    • Acetone
    • 1000 ppm
    • Carbon monoxide
    • 50 ppm
    • Chlorine
    • FOR EXAMPLE…
    • Particulates
    • not
    • otherwise regulated
    • (PNOR)
    • Ceiling
    • 1 ppm
    • 15 mg/M 3 , Total dust
    • Subtitles & Transitions
    • 5 mg/M 3 , Respirable fraction
14. Slide 14

    1910.1000(b) - Table Z-2

    • Adopted from ANSI standards (American National Standards Institute)
    • Expanded standards developed for some of the substances found in Z-2, including:
    • Benzene 1910.1028
    • Cadmium 1910.1027
    • Formaldehyde 1910.1048
    • Methylene chloride 1910.1052
15. Slide 15

    1910.1000(b) - Table Z-2

    • Table Z-2 expresses exposure limits as:
    • 8-hour TWA
    • Ceiling
    • Peak
    • If a substance has both ceiling and peak limits: peak = level never to be exceeded
    • Exposure levels over the ceiling but under the peak must comply with margin notes in table
    • TWA must still not be exceeded
16. Slide 16

    1910.1000(b) - Table Z-2 Examples

    • Substance 8-hr TWA
    • Ceiling
    • Peak
    • Notes
    • Benzene
    • 25 ppm
    • 50 ppm
    • 10 min
    • Hydrogen sulfide
    • 20 ppm
    • 50 ppm
    • 10 min
    • Styrene
    • 100 ppm 200 ppm 600 ppm
    • 5 min in any 3 hrs
    • Toluene
    • 200 ppm 300 ppm 500 ppm
    • 10 min
    • 10 ppm
17. Slide 17

    1910.1000(c) - Table Z-3

    • 8-hour TWA limits for forms of silica
    • Adopted from ACGIH TLVs
    • SiO 2 : basic component of sand, granite
    • Quartz: 2 nd most common mineral
    • Quartz sand (crystalline silica) used to fracture rock formations in wells
    • Silica in barite, lignite, and bentonite mud additives
18. Slide 18

    Health Effects of Silica

    • Silicosis
    • Irreversible but preventable
    • Most commonly associated with silica dust
    • Other possible effects:
    • Lung cancer
    • Some auto-immune diseases
    • (Scanning electron micrograph by William Jones, Ph.D., compliments of OSHA)
19. Slide 19

    1910.1000(c) - Table Z-3

    • Substance
    • PEL
    • Crystalline Silica
    • (Respirable fraction)
    • 10mg/m 3
    • % Sio2 + 2
    • Amorphous
    • 30mg/m 3
    • % Sio2
    • Nuisance dust
    • 15 mg/m 3
    • Respirable dust
    • 5 mg/m 3
20. Slide 20

    1910.1000(d) – Computation formulae

    • Time Weighted Average
    • E = (C 1 ×T 1 + C 2 ×T 2 + …)/total time
    • Total time used = 8 hours
    • Example in § 1910.1000(d)(1)(ii)
    • What about different work schedules?
    • Varies by chemical
    • Most chemicals: Worst 8 hours of shift
    • Lead: adjusted by hours worked
    • Interpretation – Foulke letter, 1997
21. Slide 21

    1910.1000(d) – Computation formulae

    • Exposure to Chemical Mixtures
    • E m = (C 1 /L 1 ) + (C 2 /L 2 ) + … + (C n /L n )
    • If E m > 1, employee is overexposed
    • Assumptions:
    • Chemicals’ effects are additive
    • Dose is proportional to C × T
22. Slide 22

    1910.1000(e) – To achieve compliance

    • Administrative or engineering controls first wherever feasible
    • When those are not feasible for full compliance: protective equipment or other protective measures
    • Equipment or technical measures must be approved by competent industrial hygienist or qualified person
    • Respirators: 1910.134
23. Slide 23

    Chemical-Specific Standards

    • 1910.1001 Asbestos
    • 1910.1018 Inorganic Arsenic
    • 1910.1025 Lead
    • 1910.1026 Chromium (VI) (revised 2006)
    • 1910.1027 Cadmium
    • 1910.1028 Benzene
    • Oil and gas drilling, production, servicing exempt
    • 1910.1029 Formaldehyde
24. Slide 24

    1910.1020 Access to employee exposure and medical records

    • Employees, representatives, and OSHA have right of access
    • Preserved for 30 years, with exceptions
    • Employee consent for medical records
    • OSHA access order posted if identifiable
    • Trade secrets
    • Employee information
25. Slide 25

    1910.1030 Bloodborne Pathogens

    • Occupational exposure:
    • Reasonably anticipated skin, eye, mucous membrane, or parenteral contact
    • With blood or other potentially infectious materials (OPIM) e.g. certain body fluids, tissues
26. Slide 26

    1910.1096 Ionizing radiation

    • OSHA standards cover NORM and TENORM
    • Exposures must be kept within limits even if sources are natural
27. Slide 27

    1910.1201 Retention of DOT markings, placards and labels

    • Retain markings on packages received until clean enough to remove hazard
    • Freight container or vehicle retains placards until materials removed enough
    • Readily visible
    • Non-bulk packages not to be reshipped: Hazard Communication labels OK
28. Slide 28

    1910.1450 Hazardous chemicals in laboratories

    • For laboratory use only
    • Supersedes other standards in Subpart Z – except:
    • PELs
    • Prohibition of eye and skin contact
    • Exposure monitoring and medical surveillance for those over action levels
29. Slide 29

    Other Standards and

    • Protective Measures
30. Slide 30

    General Duty Clause

    • Recognized hazards may be cited
    • If there is no PEL:
    • Consensus or proprietary standards
    • ANSI, ACGIH, AIHA
    • Industry Best Practices
    • Manufacturer Recommendations (MSDS)
31. Slide 31

    Biological Hazards

    • Potentially infectious material exposure
    • Contagious diseases e.g. influenza
    • Vector-borne diseases e.g. Malaria, Lyme disease
    • Fungi e.g. mold, spores
    • Toxins e.g. endotoxin
    • Allergens / sensitizers e.g. pollen, red cedar
32. Slide 32

    Physical and Radiological Hazards

    • Heat or cold (General Duty Clause)
    • Vibration (General Duty Clause)
    • Noise (1910 Subpart G)
    • Non-ionizing radiation (electromagnetic, light) (1910 Subpart G)
    • Ionizing radiation
33. Slide 33

    Other Standards

    • 29 CFR 1926 Subpart D: Occupational Health and Environmental Controls
    • Construction operations only
    • API RP 54
    • Noise rules allow for 12 hour shifts
    • Handling drilling fluid chemicals and additives
34. Slide 34

    Protective Measures

    • How are exposures to health hazards evaluated on your site?
    • How are they controlled?