Introduction to Industrial Hygiene (OSHA 10-Hour General Industry Outreach)

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1. Slide 1

   Introduction to Industrial Hygiene

   • 10-hour General Industry
   • Outreach Training
2. Slide 2

   Introduction

   • Health hazards on the job site
   • Protect yourself; protect your family
   • Source: OSHA
3. Slide 3

   Introduction

   • Lesson objectives:
   • 1. Identify types of health hazards in the workplace.
   • 2. Describe strategies to control chemical hazards.
   • 3. Describe strategies to control biological hazards.
   • 4. Describe strategies to control physical hazards.
   • 5. Describe strategies to control ergonomic hazards.
4. Slide 4

   Introduction

   • Industrial Hygiene – the
   • science of protecting the health and safety of workers through:
   • Anticipation,
   • Recognition,
   • Evaluation, and
   • Control
   • …of workplace conditions that may cause workers’ injury or illness.
   • Source: OSHA
5. Slide 5

   Types of Health Hazards

   • Common workplace health hazards:
   • Chemical
   • Physical
   • Biological
   • Ergonomic
   • Source of photos: OSHA
6. Slide 6

   Chemical Hazards and Controls

   • Forms
   • Multiple chemical hazards
   • Solids
   • Liquids
   • Gases and vapors
   • Aerosols - dust, mist, fumes
   • Welding fumes
   • Spraying mist
   • Dust particulates
   • Source of photos: OSHA
7. Slide 7

   Chemical Hazards and Controls

   • Effects of chemical exposures:
   • Health Risks
   • Heart Ailments
   • Lung Damage
   • Sterility
   • CNS Damage
   • Kidney Damage
   • Burns
   • Cancer
   • Liver Damage
   • Rashes
   • Safety Risks
   • Fire
   • Explosion
   • Corrosion
   • Source of photos: OSHA
8. Slide 8

   Chemical Hazards and Controls

   • Exposure entry routes:
   • Breathed in Inhalation:
   • (most common route)
   • Swallowing via eating Ingestion:
   • or drinking
   • Drawn through skin Absorption:
   • or eye surface
   • Source of graphics: OSHA
   • *Injection:
   • Penetration through the skin
9. Slide 9

   Chemical Hazards and Controls

   • Warning Signs of Potential Chemical Exposure:
   • Dust, mist, smoke in the air
   • Accumulation of particulates (dust) on surfaces
   • Unusual tastes and/or smells
   • Eye, nose, throat, upper respiratory, and/or skin irritation
10. Slide 10

    Chemical Hazards and Controls

    • Examples of chemical exposure symptoms:
    • Eye, nose, throat, upper respiratory, skin irritation
    • Flu-like symptoms
    • Difficulty breathing
    • Fatigue
    • Loss of coordination
    • Memory difficulties
    • Sleeplessness
    • Mental confusion
11. Slide 11

    Chemical Hazards and Controls

    • Types of health effects:
    • Exposure Condition
    • Exposure
    • Example
    • ACUTE
    • Immediate
    • Short-term, high concentration
    • H 2 S exposure within a confined space
    • CHRONIC
    • Delayed; generally
    • Acute
    • for years
    • Continuous; for long periods of Chronic time
    • Asbestosis
    • Source: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
    • Source: OSHA
12. Slide 12

    Chemical Hazards and Controls

    • What is toxicology?
    • The science that studies the poisonous or toxic properties of substances
    • Source of graphics: OSHA Hazard Communication Pictograms
13. Slide 13

    Chemical Hazards and Controls

    • Toxic effects:
    • Dose
    • Concentration – amount Duration of Exposure – time
    • Source: OSHA
14. Slide 14

    Chemical Hazards and Controls

    • Toxic chemicals disrupt the normal functions of the body. Effects can be:
    • Local - at the site of exposure
    • Systemic
    • Affects the entire body
    • Target organs - organs or systems where symptoms of exposure appear
15. Slide 15

    Chemical Hazards and Controls

    • Local (direct) effects:
    • Irritation (dryness, redness, cracking) - fiberglass
    • Corrosion (chemical burn) - acid
    • Upper Respiratory Track Infection – inhaling particles
    • Source: Occupational Dermatoses (CDC)
16. Slide 16

    Chemical Hazards and Controls

    • Systemic effects:
    • Hepatotoxins
    • Cause liver damage
    • Carbon tetrachloride, nitrosamines
    • Nephrotoxins
    • Cause kidney damage
    • Uranium, halogenated hydrocarbons
    • Neurotoxins
    • Cause nerve damage
    • Mercury, lead, carbon disulfide
17. Slide 17

    Chemical Hazards and Controls

    • Hematotoxins
    • Cause blood system damage
    • Carbon monoxide, cyanides
    • Anesthetics
    • Depress nervous system
    • Hydrocarbons, propane, isopropyl ethers
18. Slide 18

    Chemical Hazards and Controls

    • Factors affecting exposures:
    • form and innate chemical activity
    • dosage, especially dose-time relationship
    • exposure route
    • age
    • sex
    • ability of chemical to be absorbed
    • metabolism
    • distribution within the body
    • excretion
    • presence of other chemicals
19. Slide 19

    Chemical Hazards and Controls

    • Interactions with multiple chemicals:
    • Additive effects
    • 2 + 2 = 4
    • Synergistic effects
    • 2 + 3 > 5
    • Potentiation effects
    • 2 + 0 > 2
    • Antagonistic effects
    • 4 + 6 < 10
20. Slide 20

    Chemical Hazards and Controls

    • Hierarchy of control:
    • Source: OSHA
21. Slide 21

    Chemical Hazards and Controls

    • Elimination and substitution
    • Source: OSHA
22. Slide 22

    Chemical Hazards and Controls

    • Engineering controls
    • Ventilation – local (hood) / general (dilution)
    • Process and equipment modification
    • Isolation/automation
    • Example: Replacing transfer belts with screw augers on sand movers used in hydraulic fracturing will help contain sand and reduce dust release (lowering exposure to silica).
    • Source: NIOSH
23. Slide 23

    Chemical Hazards and Controls

    • Administrative controls
    • Establish written programs & policies
    • Training
    • Monitor/measure exposure levels
    • Inspections and maintenance
    • Restricted area signage
    • Develop SOPs
    • Source of photos: OSHA
24. Slide 24

    Chemical Hazards and Controls

    • PPE
    • Respirators
    • Gloves
    • Safety glasses
    • Long clothing
    • Source of photos: OSHA
25. Slide 25

    Chemical Hazards and Controls

    • Worksite analysis – assessing exposures:
    • Air monitoring – personal and area
    • Noise monitoring
    • Observation – PPE use and work practices
    • Ventilation measurements
    • Wipe samples – surfaces and personnel
    • Source: OSHA
26. Slide 26

    Chemical Hazards and Controls

    • PELs, or permissible exposure limits:
    • OSHA’s regulations that establish the acceptable amount or concentration of a substance in the workplace
    • Intended to protect workers from adverse health effects related to hazardous chemical exposure
27. Slide 27

    Chemical Hazards and Controls

    • Exposure limits:
    • TWA = Time - Weighted Average
    • Levels vary over the shift duration
    • These limits protect from chronic diseases
28. Slide 28

    Chemical Hazards and Controls

    • “C” = ceiling limit:
    • Level never to be exceeded during the work shift
    • Protect from acute disease or health effects
29. Slide 29

    Chemical Hazards and Controls

    • Substance-specific standards:
    • Established by OSHA to identify specific requirements
    • Potentially exposed workers must be monitored and protected
    • Source: NIOSH
30. Slide 30

    Chemical Hazards and Controls

    • Components of substance specific standards: (in general)
    • Air monitoring
    • Control of exposure
    • Engineering controls
    • Work practices
    • Respiratory protection
    • Medical surveillance / removal (lead)
    • Recordkeeping
    • Worker training
31. Slide 31

    Chemical Hazards and Controls

    • Hexavalent chromium:
    • Toxic form of chromium;
    • Known to cause cancer
    • Compounds are man-made and widely used
    • Major source of exposure during “hotwork” on stainless steel and other alloy steels containing Cr(VI)
    • Source: OSHA
32. Slide 32

    Chemical Hazards and Controls

    • Asbestos:
    • Mineral fibers – chrysotile, amosie, crocidolite, tremolite, anthophylite, actinolite, and chemically treated/ altered forms
    • Known carcinogen;
    • can cause chronic lung disease, as well as lung and other cancers
    • Used in numerous building materials and vehicle products
    • Exposure potential during construction and ship repair; as well as manufacturing of products containing asbestos
    • Source: OSHA
33. Slide 33

    Chemical Hazards and Controls

    • Silica:
    • Important industrial material found abundantly in the earth’s crust; most common form is quartz
    • Can cause lung diseases, including silicosis and lung cancer, as well as kidney disease
    • Exposure to respirable crystalline silica
    • Inhalation of small particles in air
    • Common with operations such as cutting, sawing, and drilling
    • Source: NIOSH
34. Slide 34

    Chemical Hazards and Controls

    • Lead:
    • Blue-gray, heavy metal occurring naturally in Earth’s crust
    • Can harm many of the body’s organ systems; variety of ailments
    • Exposure
    • Inhalation and/or ingestion of airborne particles containing lead
    • Occurs in most industry sectors, including manufacturing, wholesale trade, transportation, construction, remediation, and even recreation
    • Source of photos: OSHA
35. Slide 35

    Chemical Hazards and Controls

    • Welding fumes:
    • Content depends on components of base metal, coatings, and/or filler materials; and welding temperatures
    • Potential health effects
    • Acute exposure: eye, nose, and throat irritation; dizziness; nausea
    • Prolonged exposure: lung damage; various types of cancer, including lung, larynx, and urinary tract
    • Certain fumes and gases can lead to additional health issues
    • Source: OSHA
36. Slide 36

    Chemical Hazards and Controls

    • Exposure to welding fumes affected by:
    • Welding process
    • Materials used
    • Location (outside, enclosed space)
    • Work practices
    • Air movement
    • Use of ventilation
    • Source: OSHA
37. Slide 37

    Chemical Hazards and Controls

    • Toxic atmospheres:
    • Confined spaces – storage tanks, process
    • vessels, bins, boilers, ventilation or exhaust ducts, sewers, underground utility vaults, tunnels, pipelines, open-top spaces more than 4’ in depth (pits, tubs, vaults)
    • Hazardous atmospheres
    • Oxygen-deficient
    • Hydrogen sulfide
    • Carbon monoxide
    • Source: OSHA
38. Slide 38

    Biological Hazards and Controls

    • Insects
    • Source: OSHA
    • Poisonous Plants
    • Animals
    • Water/Sewage
    • Contaminated
    • Soil
    • Source: CDC
    • Bloodborne Pathogens
39. Slide 39

    Biological Hazards and Controls

    • Possible effects of exposure to biological hazards:
    • Mild, allergic reactions Serious medical conditions Death
    • Most virulent and prevalent biological agents
40. Slide 40

    Biological Hazards and Controls

    • Protection against biological hazards:
    • Practice universal precaution with:
    • Blood
    • Bodily fluids
    • Practice personal hygiene
    • Provide proper first aid
    • Cuts/Scratches
    • Vaccinations
    • Wear proper PPE/clothing
    • Source of photos: OSHA
41. Slide 41

    Biological Hazards and Controls

    • Practice precaution with:
    • Animals
    • Insects
    • Use insect repellent
    • Provide proper ventilation or other appropriate environmental controls
    • Certain species of fruit bats are thought to be the natural reservoir for Ebola virus. EHF outbreaks are believed to start as a result of contact with infected animals or animal carcasses.
    • Source: OSHA; photo courtesy of National Park Service, U.S. Dept. of Interior.
    • The best way to protect yourself from Zika, as well as other mosquito-borne illnesses, is to prevent mosquito bites by using insect repellent, wearing long sleeves and pants, and reducing mosquito breeding grounds, such as standing water. Source: OSHA; photos courtesy of CDC.
42. Slide 42

    Physical Hazards and Controls

    • Types of physical hazards:
    • Vibration
    • Temperature
    • Radiation
    • Noise
    • Source of photos: OSHA
43. Slide 43

    Physical Hazards and Controls

    • Effects of exposure to physical hazards:
    • Temperature
    • Radiation
    • Vibration
    • Noise
    • Rash; Cramps
    • Burns
    • Fatigue
    • Interferences
    • Exhaustion
    • Sickness
    • Strains
    • Stress
    • Stroke
    • Aging
    • Carpal Tunnel
    • Tinnitus
    • Hypothermia
    • Cancer
    • HAVS
    • Headaches
    • Frostbite
    • DNA
    • Mutations
    • Raynaud’s
    • Hearing Loss
44. Slide 44

    Physical Hazards and Controls

    • Exposure to heat:
    • Health Effects
    • Cause
    • Symptoms
    • Rash; Cramps
    • Heavy sweating
    • Red cluster of bumps/blisters;
    • Muscle pains or spasms
    • Exhaustion
    • Loss of body fluids/salts
    • Dizziness, light-headedness, weakness, heavy sweating, pale skin, sick to stomach
    • Stroke
    • Rapid body temperature rise
    • ≥ 104F body temperature.
    • Red, hot, dry skin; dizziness; confusion; unconscious
45. Slide 45

    Physical Hazards and Controls

    • OSHA’s Heat Safety Tool
    • https://www.osha.gov/SLTC/heatillness/heat_index/heat_app.html
46. Slide 46

    Physical Hazards and Controls

    • Protection against heat:
    • Engineering
    • Air conditioning Ventilation Cooling fans Local exhaust ventilation
    • Reflective shields
    • Insulation
    • Eliminate steam leaks
    • Administrative
    • PPE
    • Insulated PPE, in
    • Emergency plan
    • Acclimatization
    • some work places
    • Thermal clothing
    • Adequate water
    • Work/rest cycles
    • (cool vests)
    • Avoid hottest times;
    • adjust work
    • demands
    • Rotate job functions
    • Buddy system
    • Monitoring
    • Eliminate or substitute
    • hazard, whenever feasible
47. Slide 47

    Physical Hazards and Controls

    • Exposure to cold:
    • Health Effects
    • Cause
    • Symptoms
    • Hypothermia
    • Body temperature drops ≤ 95F
    • Uncontrolled shivering; slurred speech; memory loss; blue/purple skin
    • Frostbite
    • Exposed to ≤ 0F air
    • Pale, cold, waxy-white skin; tingling; stinging
48. Slide 48

    Physical Hazards and Controls

    • Protection against cold:
    • Engineering
    • Administrative
    • PPE
    • Heaters
    • Shield work areas
    • (windbreaks)
    • Warm liquids
    • Adjust work schedule
    • Buddy system
    • Monitoring
    • Frequent breaks in warm areas
    • Acclimatization
    • Layered clothing
    • Hat or hood, face cover, gloves
    • Clothing out of fabric that retains insulation even when wet
    • Insulated and waterproof boots
    • Eliminate or substitute hazard, whenever feasible
49. Slide 49

    Physical Hazards and Controls

    • Exposure to radiation:
    • Source: OSHA
50. Slide 50

    Physical Hazards and Controls

    • Protection against radiation:
    • Engineering
    • Administrative
    • PPE
    • Enclose/Shield
    • Clearly mark
    • RF/MW protective
    • work areas to controlled spaces
    • suits, including
    • Minimize
    • minimize stray
    • head and eye
    • radiation
    • exposure times
    • protection
    • Interlocked doors
    • Location/
    • Safety glasses, on devices that can
    • installation of goggles, welding
    • produce acute
    • devices
    • helmets, or
    • Proper
    • thermal injuries
    • welding face
    • Remote operation
    • maintenance
    • shields with of radiation-appropriate filter
    • Eliminate
    • or substitute hazard, whenever
    • feasible
    • producing
    • devices
    • lenses
51. Slide 51

    Physical Hazards and Controls

    • Exposure to vibration:
    • Health Effects
    • Circulatory disturbances, such as VWF and HAVS
    • Sensory nerve damage
    • Muscle, bone, and joint injury
    • Early Signs and Symptoms
    • Intermittent tingling of one or more fingers
    • Blanching of fingertips
    • Pain in fingers
    • Later Signs and Symptoms
    • Loss of sense of touch; numbness
    • Blanching of entire fingers
    • Loss of grip strength Sever pain
    • Carpal tunnel syndrome Pain and loss of strength in arms
    • Loss of finger dexterity or coordination
52. Slide 52

    Physical Hazards and Controls

    • Protection against vibration:
    • Engineering
    • Administrative
    • PPE
    • Vibration reduction
    • Proper positioning • Anti-vibration
    • equipment
    • and grip; let the gloves
    • Vibration dampeners
    • machine do the or shields to isolate
    • work
    • Job rotation
    • source of vibration
    • Limit duration of from employee task
    • Eliminate or substitute hazard, whenever feasible
    • Proper
    • maintenance
53. Slide 53

    Physical Hazards and Controls

    • Exposure to noise:
    • Health Effects
    • Tinnitus
    • Permanent hearing loss
    • Physical stress
    • Psychological stress
    • Signs and Symptoms
    • Ears feel stuffed up
    • Ringing in the ears
    • Limited ability to hear high frequency sounds, understand speech, and communicate
54. Slide 54

    Physical Hazards and Controls

    • Noise – prolonged exposures to
    • 85 dB can lead to hearing loss
    • Source: OSHA
55. Slide 55

    Physical Hazards and Controls

    • Protection against noise:
    • Engineering
    • Administrative
    • PPE
    • Use low-noise tools
    • Increase distance • Ear plugs
    • Ear muffs
    • and machinery
    • between source
    • Place a barrier
    • Hearing
    • and worker
    • between noise source • Alter work
    • bands
    • and worker
    • schedule
    • Enclose or isolate
    • Limit time of noise
    • noise exposure
    • Weld parts rather than • Provide quiet rivet
    • areas for breaks
    • Use acoustical
    • Eliminate or substitute hazard, whenever feasible materials
    • Install silencers, mufflers, or baffles
56. Slide 56

    Physical Hazards and Controls

    • When to wear hearing protection
    • Noise or sound level exceeds 90 dBA (OSHA)
    • Recommended when exceeds 85 dBA (NIOSH)
    • What to wear
    • Personal comfort preference
    • Long-term/Single use (plugs)
    • Short-term/On and off (muffs)
    • Consider NRR
    • Source of photos: OSHA
57. Slide 57

    Physical Hazards and Controls

    • Dual hearing protection:
    • Formable Ear Plugs
    • Listed NRR = 29
    • Adjusted NRR (29 – 7) = 22
    • Earmuffs
    • Listed NRR = 16
    • Adjusted NRR for Dual
    • Protection = 5
    • 22 (adjusted NRR) + 5 (Dual Protection NRR) = 27
    • Source of graphics: OSHA
58. Slide 58

    Ergonomic Hazards and Controls

    • Source of photos: OSHA
59. Slide 59

    Ergonomic Hazards and Controls

    • Effects of exposure to ergonomic hazards:
    • Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSDs)
    • Exposure to ergonomic risk factors for MSDs increases a worker's risk of injury
    • Repetition
    • High force
    • Awkward postures
    • Work-related MSDs are among the most frequently reported causes of lost or restricted work time.
    • Source: OSHA
60. Slide 60

    Ergonomic Hazards and Controls

    • Risk factors for MSDs:
    • Overexertion
    • Repetitive tasks
    • Awkward posture/positions
    • Localized pressure
    • Cold temperatures
    • Vibration
    • Combined exposure
    • Source of photos: OSHA
61. Slide 61

    Ergonomic Hazards and Controls

    • Protection against ergonomic hazards:
    • Use ergonomically designed tools
    • Use correct work practices
    • Proper lifting techniques
    • Ask for help when handling:
    • Heavy loads
    • Bulky/Awkward materials
    • Properly fitting PPE
    • Source: NIOSH
62. Slide 62

    Discussion

    • What are examples of health hazards at your worksite?
    • How are they controlled?
63. Slide 63

    Knowledge Check

    • 1. Which of the following is an example of an industrial hygiene health hazard?
    • a. Chemical hazards
    • b. Economic hazards
    • c. Electrical hazards
    • d. Fall hazards
    • Answer: a. Chemical hazards
64. Slide 64

    Knowledge Check

    • 2. Which of the following is an example of a physical health hazard?
    • a. Asbestos
    • b. Noise
    • c. Silica
    • d. Lead
    • Answer: b. Noise
65. Slide 65

    Knowledge Check

    • 3. Which of the following controls is an example of an engineering control for protection against chemicals?
    • a. Ventilation
    • b. Respirators
    • c. Training
    • d. Signage
    • Answer: a. Ventilation
66. Slide 66

    What questions do you have?

    • Thank You!