Egress and Fire Protection

The words on each slide as the author wrote them, read from the file by software so they can be searched. Layout, pictures and tables are not shown here: the slides above and the download are the original.

1. Slide 1

   Egress and Fire Protection

   • MODULE 17
2. Slide 2

   Egress and Fire Protection

   • What could make employees need to escape quickly?
   • What are the typical escape routes?
   • What precautions are taken for fire protection and prevention?
3. Slide 3

   Regulations

   • 29 CFR 1910 Subparts E and L
   • 29 CFR 1926 Subpart F – construction
   • API RP 54
   • Section 7: Fire Protection and Prevention
   • 6.10: Auxiliary Escape
   • 9.3.10: At least 2 stairways on a drilling rig
4. Slide 4

   Exit Routes, EAPs, and FPPs

   • 29 CFR 1910 Subpart E
5. Slide 5

   1910.34 Coverage

   • Every employer is covered:
   • 1910.34 through 1910.39 apply to workplaces in general industry
   • Except mobile workplaces such as vehicles or vessels
   • Exit routes
   • Emergency action plans
6. Slide 6

   1910.34(c) Definitions

   • Exit: that portion of an exit route that is generally separated from other areas to provide a protected way of travel to the exit discharge.
   • Exit access: that portion of an exit route that leads to an exit.
   • Exit discharge: the part of the exit route that leads directly outside or to a street, walkway, refuge area, public way, or open space with access to the outside.
7. Slide 7

   1910.34(c) Definitions

   • Exit route: a continuous and unobstructed path of exit travel from any point within a workplace to a place of safety (including refuge areas). Consists of three parts:
   • The exit access;
   • The exit; and,
   • The exit discharge.
   • Equivalent to “Means of Egress” in the Life Safety Code and most local building and fire codes
8. Slide 8

   1910.35 Compliance with NFPA 101-2000, Life Safety Code

   • Compliance with the exit route provisions of NFPA 101-2000 will be deemed to be in compliance with the corresponding requirements in § § 1910.34, 1910.36, 1910.37
   • NFPA
9. Slide 9

   Design and Construction Requirements for Exit Routes

   • 29 CFR 1910.36
10. Slide 10

    1910.36(a)(1) Basic Requirement

    • An exit route must be a permanent part of the workplace
    • Eat at Ma’s Place
    • No ropes or rope ladder s
11. Slide 11

    1910.36(a)(2) Exit separated by fire resistant materials

    • Construction materials used to separate an exit from other parts of the workplace:
    • 1 hour resistance ≤3 stories
    • 2 hours resistance ≥4 stories
    • 1 hour
    • 2 hours
12. Slide 12

    1910.36(a)(3) Openings into an exit must be limited

    • Openings into an exit: limited to those necessary to allow access to the exit
    • Each opening must be protected by an approved self-closing fire door that remains closed or automatically closes in an emergency
13. Slide 13

    1910.36(b) The number of exit routes must be adequate

    • At least 2 routes must be available
    • Except for sufficiently small occupancy – see (b)(3)
    • As far away from each other as practical in case one is blocked by fire or smoke
    • More than 2 required if all cannot evacuate through 2 exit routes
    • Life Safety Code can help with this determination
14. Slide 14

    1910.36(c)(1) Exit Discharge

    • Must lead directly outside or to a street, walkway, refuge area, public way, or open space with access to the outside
    • Exit
    • Discharge
    • Offices
    • Storage
    • Exit access
    • Fabricating shop
    • Discharge
    • Exit
15. Slide 15

    1910.36(c)(2) Exit Discharge

    • The street, walkway, refuge area, public way, or open space to which an exit discharge leads must be large enough to accommodate the building occupants likely to use the exit route
16. Slide 16

    1910.36(c)(3) Exit Discharge

    • Exit stairs that continue beyond the level of the exit discharge must be interrupted at that level by doors, partitions, or other effective means that clearly indicate the direction of travel leading to the exit discharge
    • NOT AN
    • EXIT
    • NOT AN
    • EXIT
17. Slide 17

    1910.36(d) Exit door must be unlocked

    • Must be able to open exit route door
    • From the inside at all times
    • Without keys, tools, or special knowledge
    • Panic bar is permissible
    • No device or alarm that could restrict use of route if device fails
    • Mental, penal, correctional facilities: exception with constant supervision & plan
18. Slide 18

    1910.36(e)(1) A side-hinged exit door must be used

    • A side-hinged door must be used to connect any room to an exit route
    • Must swing out in the direction of exit travel if
    • room is designed for > 50 people or
    • room is a high hazard area
19. Slide 19

    1910.36(f) The capacity of an exit route must be adequate

    • Must support the maximum permitted occupant load for each floor served
    • See factors for occupant load and capacity in NFPA Life Safety Code - Chapter 7
20. Slide 20

    1910.36(f) The capacity of an exit route must be adequate

    • Exit route
    • capacity may not decrease toward exit discharge
21. Slide 21

    1910.36(g) Exit minimum height and width requirements

    • Ceiling at least 7’6”
    • Any projection from the ceiling ≥ 6’8”
    • Exit access ≥ 28 inches wide
    • Including all objects projecting into route
    • 7-½ ft.
    • 6 ft.- 8 in.
22. Slide 22

    1910.36(h) An outdoor exit route is permitted.

    • Same minimum height and width
    • Additional requirements:
    • Guardrails on unenclosed sides
    • Covered if snow or ice likely to accumulate
    • Unless snow removed before hazard
    • Reasonably straight
    • Smooth, solid, level walkways
    • No dead end longer than 20 feet
23. Slide 23

    Maintenance, safeguards, and operational features for exit routes

    • 29 CFR 1910.37
24. Slide 24

    1910.37(a) The danger to employees must be minimized

    • Exit routes must be kept free of explosive or highly flammable furnishings or decorations
    • No exit route may lead toward high hazard area, unless shielded
25. Slide 25

    1910.37(a) The danger to employees must be minimized

    • Exit routes free and unobstructed: No materials/equipment may be placed within exit route
    • Exit access must not go through a room that can be locked
    • Safeguards must be kept in working order
26. Slide 26

    1910.37(b) Lighting and marking must be adequate and appropriate

    • Exit routes adequately lighted
    • Clearly visible and marked by a sign reading "Exit"
    • No decorations or signs that obscure the visibility of exit route door
27. Slide 27

    1910.37(b) Lighting and marking must be adequate and appropriate

    • If the direction of travel to the exit is not immediately apparent, signs must be posted indicating the direction of travel to the nearest exit
    • Line-of-sight to an exit sign must clearly be visible at all times
    • Way to exit is not apparent
28. Slide 28

    1910.37(b) Lighting and marking must be adequate and appropriate

    • Each doorway or passage that could be mistaken for an exit must be marked "Not an Exit" or similar designation, or be identified by a sign indicating its actual use (e.g., closet)
29. Slide 29

    1910.37(b) Lighting and marking must be adequate and appropriate

    • Each exit sign must be illuminated to a surface value of at least five foot-candles (54 lux) by a reliable light source and be distinctive in color
    • The word "Exit" in plainly legible letters ≥6”
    • Letters 3/4 inch thick
30. Slide 30

    1910.37(d) Exit routes during construction, repairs, or alterations

    • Employees must not occupy a workplace until the exit routes are ready in occupied portion
31. Slide 31

    1910.37(d) Exit routes during construction, repairs, or alterations

    • Employees must not be exposed to hazards from construction activities that are beyond the normal permissible conditions, or that would impede exiting the workplace
32. Slide 32

    1910.37(e) Alarm system

    • Alarm system must be installed and maintained in operable condition
    • To warn of fire or other emergencies
    • Unless employees can promptly see or smell fire or hazard in time
    • Must comply with 1910.165 (in Subpart L)
33. Slide 33

    29 CFR 1910.38

    • Emergency Action Plans
34. Slide 34

    1910.38 Emergency action plans (EAP)

    • Emergency action plan:
    • EAP
    • In writing
    • Kept in the workplace
    • Available to employees for review
    • Employer with 10 or fewer employees may communicate the plan orally to employees
35. Slide 35

    1910.38(c) Minimum elements of an emergency action plan

    • 1. Procedures for reporting a fire or other emergency
    • 2. Procedures for emergency evacuation, including type of evacuation and exit route assignments
    • 3. Procedures for employees who remain to operate critical plant operations before evacuating
36. Slide 36

    1910.38(c) Minimum elements of an emergency action plan

    • 4. Procedures to account for all employees after evacuation
    • 5. Procedures to be followed by employees performing rescue or medical duties
    • 6. Name or job title of every employee who may be contacted by employees who need more information about the plan
37. Slide 37

    Alarms, training, review

    • d. Alarm system must use distinctive signals for each purpose, comply with 1910.165
    • e. Designate and train employees to assist in safe, orderly evacuation of others
    • f. Review of EAP with each employee:
    • When plan developed or employee assigned When employee’s responsibilities under the plan change
    • When the plan changes
38. Slide 38

    29 CFR 1910.39

    • Fire Prevention Plans
39. Slide 39

    1910.39(b) Written and oral fire prevention plans

    • Any required fire prevention plan must:
    • Must be in writing,
    • Be kept in the workplace, and
    • Be made available to employees for review
    • Employer with 10 or fewer employees may communicate the plan orally to employees
40. Slide 40

    1910.39(c)(1) Minimum elements of a fire prevention plan

    • List of all major fire hazards
    • Proper handling and storage procedures for hazardous materials
    • Potential ignition sources and their control
    • Type of fire protection equipment necessary to control each major hazard
41. Slide 41

    1910.39(c)(1) Minimum elements of a fire prevention plan, cont’d

    • Procedures to control accumulations of flammable and combustible waste
    • Maintenance procedures for safeguards on heat-producing equipment to prevent ignition of combustible materials
    • Name or title of employees responsible for maintaining equipment to prevent or control sources of ignition or fires
    • Name or title of employees responsible for control of fuel source hazards
42. Slide 42

    1910.39(e) Employee information

    • An employer must inform employees upon initial assignment to a job of the fire hazards to which they are exposed.
    • An employer must also review with each employee those parts of the fire prevention plan necessary for self-protection.
43. Slide 43

    29 CFR Subpart L

    • Fire Protection
44. Slide 44

    Organization of 1910 Subpart L

    • 155 Scope, application, definitions
    • 156 Fire brigades
    • 157 Portable fire extinguishers
    • 158 Standpipe and hose systems
    • 159 Automatic sprinkler systems
    • 160-163 Fixed extinguishing systems
    • 164 Fire detection systems
    • 165 Employee alarm systems
45. Slide 45

    29 CFR 1910.155

    • Scope, Application, and Definitions
46. Slide 46

    Scope and Application

    • Fire brigades, fire suppression equipment, fire detection systems, alarm systems
    • Applies to all employments except maritime, construction, and agriculture
47. Slide 47

    Definitions

    • Class A fire: Ordinary combustible materials
    • Paper
    • Wood
    • Cloth
    • Some rubber and plastic.
    • Class B fire:
    • Flammable or combustible liquids
    • Flammable gases
    • Greases
    • Some rubber and plastic
48. Slide 48

    Definitions

    • Class C fire: Energized electrical equipment
    • Employee safety requires nonconductive extinguishing media
    • Class D fire: Combustible metals
    • Magnesium
    • Titanium
    • Zirconium
    • Sodium
    • Lithium
    • Potassium
49. Slide 49

    Definitions

    • Dry chemical: small particles of chemicals supplemented for dryness and flow
    • Bicarbonates
    • Potassium chloride
    • Monoammonium phosphate
    • Dry powder: compound used to extinguish or control Class D fires
50. Slide 50

    Definitions

    • Enclosed structure:
    • Has a roof or ceiling and at least 2 walls
    • May accumulate smoke, toxic gases and heat
    • Foam: Bubbles form a blanket over liquid, sealing combustible vapors
    • Gaseous agent: Diffuses uniformly to extinguish fires
51. Slide 51

    29 CFR 1910.156

    • Fire Brigades
52. Slide 52

    Scope and Application

    • Organization, training, PPE
    • Fire brigades established by employer
    • Industrial fire departments
    • Private or contractual fire departments
    • PPE requirements only apply to interior structural firefighting
53. Slide 53

    Organization and Training

    • Organizational statement available
    • Physical capability
    • No heart disease, epilepsy, or emphysema without physician’s certificate of fitness
    • Training and education
    • Beforehand and frequently enough
    • Examples of quality training programs
    • Special hazards and written procedures
54. Slide 54

    Firefighting Equipment

    • Maintain and inspect at least annually
    • Portable fire extinguishers and respirators: inspect at least monthly
    • Remove and replace unserviceable or damaged equipment
55. Slide 55

    Protective clothing

    • For interior structural firefighting
    • Not required for incipient stage firefighting
    • Provide at no cost and assure use
    • Protect head, body, and extremities
    • Foot and leg protection
    • Body protection
    • Hand protection
    • Head, eye, and face protection
56. Slide 56

    Respiratory protection devices

    • Provided to and used by fire brigade members
    • Meet 1910.134 as well
    • SCBA requirements
57. Slide 57

    29 CFR 1910.157

    • Portable Fire Extinguishers
58. Slide 58

    Scope and application

    • Placement, use, maintenance, testing
    • For portable fire extinguishers to be used by employees inside structures
    • (e) and (f) only if not for employee use
    • Partial exemptions:
    • Policy requiring total evacuation; FPP and EAP; extinguishers not present
    • Only designated employees authorized
59. Slide 59

    General requirements

    • Provide, mount, locate and identify
    • Readily accessible to employees without possible injury
    • Only approved fire extinguishers
    • No carbon tetrachloride or chlorobromomethane extinguishers
    • Maintain fully charged and operable in designated places
60. Slide 60

    Selection and distribution

    • Based on fire classes, size of hazard
    • Class A: ≤75 ft. travel distance to
    • extinguisher, or standpipe
    • Class B: ≤50 ft. travel distance to
    • extinguisher
    • Class C: Based on pattern for Class A/B
    • Class D: ≤75 ft. travel distance to
    • extinguishing agent
61. Slide 61

    Fire Extinguisher Classes

62. Slide 62

    Inspection, maintenance, and testing

    • Portable extinguishers or hose visually inspected monthly
    • Annual maintenance check – record available
    • Maintenance 6 years after recharge or hydrostatic test for dry chemical extinguishers with 12-year hydrostatic test requirements
    • Alternate equivalent protection during maintenance/recharging
63. Slide 63

    Hydrostatic testing

    • Performed by trained persons with suitable testing equipment and facilities
    • Test interval given for various types of extinguishers
    • Tested when new evidence of corrosion or mechanical injury
    • Details for various types
64. Slide 64

    Training and education

    • If employees are to use fire extinguishers, the employer must educate them on principles and hazards
    • EAP-designated employees trained on appropriate equipment
    • Upon employment and at least annually
65. Slide 65

    Standpipe and hose systems

    • For smaller systems – not Class I
    • Protected against mechanical damage
    • Repaired promptly if damaged
    • Equipment: designed for prompt use
    • Water supply: minimum 100 gal/min
    • Tests and maintenance
66. Slide 66

    1910.159-163: Sprinklers and Fixed Extinguishing Systems

    • Sprinklers – only if required by OSHA
    • Fixed extinguishing systems
    • Discharge alarms and safeguards
    • Inspection and maintenance
    • PPE for rescue of employees trapped
    • Dry chemical
    • Gaseous agent
    • Water spray and foam
67. Slide 67

    Fire detection systems

    • Restore to normal condition ASAP after each test or alarm – spares available
    • Maintenance and testing
    • Protect from corrosion, physical impact
    • Do not support by wires or tubing
    • Designed to operate in time, provide a warning
    • Delay only if necessary for immediate safety
68. Slide 68

    Employee alarm systems

    • All local fire alarm signaling systems used to alert employees
    • Enough warning for emergency action of safe escape
    • Perceived above ambient noise/light
    • Tactile devices when necessary
    • Distinctive and recognizable
69. Slide 69

    Employee alarm systems

    • Explain to each employee how to report emergencies
    • Establish procedures for emergency alarm
    • Restore to normal condition ASAP after each test or alarm – spares available
70. Slide 70

    Employee alarm systems

    • Maintain in operating condition except during repairs or maintenance
    • Test for reliability/adequacy every 2 months if unsupervised
    • Back-up means of alarm when out of service
    • Supervised systems notify personnel of deficiencies – test once/year
71. Slide 71

    Employee alarm systems

    • Manually operated actuation devices (fire alarm pulls)
    • Unobstructed
    • Conspicuous
    • Readily accessible
72. Slide 72

    API RP 54

    • Fire Protection on Oil and Gas Well Sites
73. Slide 73

    API RP 54 Requirements

    • Drilling rigs: at least 4 20-pound capacity, Class BC rated fire extinguishers
    • Well servicing rigs: at least 2 20-pound capacity, Class BC rated fire extinguishers
    • Available near all welding
    • Firefighting equipment also includes water hoses and drilling fluid guns