Focus Four for Masonry Construction: Struck-By / Caught-In-Between

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1. Slide 1

   Focus Four Hazard Training For Masonry Construction

   • Module 2 – Struck By/ Caught-In-Between
   • Susan Harwood Grant Training Program
2. Slide 2

   Disclaimer/Usage Notes

   • This material was produced under grant number SH-17793-SH8 from the Occupational Safety and Health Administration, U.S. Department of Labor. It does not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the U.S. Department of Labor, nor does mention of trade names, commercial products, or organizations imply endorsement by the U.S. Government.
   • Images shown may depict situations that are not in compliance with applicable OSHA requirements. These photos are clearly marked as non-compliant.
   • It is not the intent of RMMI to provide compliance-based training in this presentation, the intent is more to address Focus Four hazard awareness in the masonry construction industry, and to recognize overlapping hazards present in many construction workplaces.
   • It is the responsibility of the employer, its subcontractors, and its employees to comply with all pertinent rules and regulations in the jurisdiction in which they work. Copies of all OSHA regulations are available from www.osha.gov . This presentation is intended to discuss Federal regulations only. If this training is held in a state that is operating under an OSHA-approved State Plan, State OSHA requirements for that state must be included in the training. It is assumed that individuals using this presentation or content to augment their training programs will be "qualified" to do so.
   • Developed under an OSHA Susan Harwood Grant, # SH-17793-SH8, by the Rocky Mountain Masonry Institute, Denver, Colorado
3. Slide 3

   Training Objectives

   • After completing this unit, you will:
   • Be familiar with general struck by/ caught-in-between hazards.
   • Understand the potential effects of these hazards on the human body.
   • Be able to recognize these hazards as they relate to masonry work.
   • Be familiar with personal protective equipment necessary to protect you from these hazards.
   • Be knowledgeable of safe work practices.
4. Slide 4

   References

   • 29 CFR 1910
   • 29 CFR 1926
5. Slide 5

   Primary Causes of Struck-by Fatalities

   • Falling Objects
   • Rigging Failure
   • Loose or Shifting Materials
   • Equipment Tipover or Malfunction
   • Lack of Overhead Protection
   • Vehicle and Equipment Strikes
   • Backing Incidents
   • Workers on Foot
6. Slide 6

   Primary Causes of Caught-in-Between Fatalities

   • Rotating Equipment
   • Unguarded Parts
   • Equipment Rollovers
   • Equipment Maintenance
   • Trench/Excavation Collapse
7. Slide 7

   Fatality Data 2003 & 2004

   • 2355 Total Fatalities
   • Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics
8. Slide 8

   Top Struck-By Citations

   • Criteria for PPE
   • Material Handling Equipment
   • Concrete & Masonry
   • Source: Department of Labor
9. Slide 9

   Top Caught-in-Between Citations

   • Excavations - General Requirements
   • Excavations – Protective Systems
   • Wood Working Equipment
   • Hand and Power Tools
   • Source: Department of Labor
10. Slide 10

    Struck By Hazards Falling Objects

    • I nspect all rigging
    • Slings must be inspected before each use by a Competent Person (one who is capable of identifying existing and predictable hazards in the surroundings or working conditions which are unsanitary, hazardous, or dangerous to employees, and who has authorization to take prompt corrective measures to eliminate them)
    • Slings should have tags with capacities, inspection requirements, service dates, etc.
    • All rigging shall be done by a qualified rigger
    • Photo depicts hazardous condition
11. Slide 11

    Struck By Hazards Falling Objects

    • The information
    • on all tags must be readable!
    • Photo depicts hazardous condition
12. Slide 12

    Struck By Hazards Falling Objects

    • Slings and other lifting devices must be properly stored.
    • Hang them up in a dry place.
    • Never allow them to lay on the ground or floor where damage can occur.
    • Photo depicts hazardous condition
13. Slide 13

    Struck By Hazards

    • Falling Objects
    • Photo depicts hazardous condition
14. Slide 14

    Struck By Hazards Falling Objects

    • All loads must be properly rigged by a qualified rigger
    • Lifting equipment, such as hoists and slings/straps, wire rope, and chain slings must be used in accordance with the manufacturer’s requirements
    • Photo depicts hazardous condition
15. Slide 15

    Struck By Hazards Falling Objects

    • DO NOT
    • use makeshift devices for lifting any material
    • Photo depicts hazardous condition
16. Slide 16

    Struck By Hazards Falling Objects

    • All material shall be properly stacked to ensure stability
    • All materials shall be stored/staked in areas that are properly graded and level
    • Photo depicts hazardous condition
17. Slide 17

    Struck By Hazards

    • Falling Objects
    • Photos depict hazardous condition
18. Slide 18

    Struck By Hazards

    • Falling Objects
    • Protection
    • from overhead hazards must be provided and required at all times
19. Slide 19

    Struck By Hazards Falling Objects

    • Hardhats, as well as other personal protective equipment
    • (PPE), must be provided by the employer
    • Employees must be trained on the use of PPE and be required to use it
20. Slide 20

    Struck By Hazards Falling Objects

    • A limited access
    • zone shall be erected below all lifting operations
    • No one shall be allowed in this area while lifts are being made
21. Slide 21

    Struck By Hazards

    • Falling Objects
    • 19 20
22. Slide 22

    Struck By Hazards Falling Objects

    • Dumpster was full and being replaced.
    • Worker was walking to the portable toilet.
    • Worker on top level of scaffold dumped wheelbarrow full of brick in chute.
    • The worker below received serious injuries!
    • Photo depicts hazardous condition
23. Slide 23

    Struck By Hazards

    • Falling Objects
    • A canopy structure
    • can be built to protect workers and pedestrians below and behind the scaffold.
24. Slide 24

    Struck By Hazards

    • Falling Objects
    • Debris nets may
    • also be used to catch material before it falls to the ground below.
25. Slide 25

    Struck By Hazards

    • Falling Objects
    • Barricade off the
    • area and use appropriate warning signs!
26. Slide 26

    Struck By Hazards Falling Objects

    • No worker
    • may ever work under a suspended load!
    • Photo depicts hazardous condition
27. Slide 27

    Struck By Hazards

    • Falling Objects
    • Photo depicts hazardous condition
28. Slide 28

    Struck By Hazards Falling Objects

    • This
    • includes loads handled by forklifts!
    • Photo depicts hazardous condition
29. Slide 29

    Struck By Hazards

    • Falling Objects
    • This was
    • put up after the worker was injured by the falling brick!
30. Slide 30

    Struck By Hazards Falling Objects

    • Always secure cylinders to prevent them from falling over!
    • Bottles need to stored in areas where they can not be struck.
    • Bottles not in use need the valve collar in place or be capped.
    • Photos depict hazardous condition
31. Slide 31

    Struck By Hazards Vehicles/Equipment Fatalities 2005

    • Other
    • Contractor Equipment
    • 18%
    • 41%
    • Vehicle
    • Entering
    • Work Area
    • Traffic Crash
    • Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics
32. Slide 32

    Struck By Hazards Vehicles/Equipment Fatalities 2005

    • Passengers
    • 8%
    • Worker on Foot
    • 57%
    • Operators
    • Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics
33. Slide 33

    Struck By Hazards Vehicles & Equipment

    • Forklift operators need to properly trained, and the training needs to be certified.
    • Forklift loads limit the operator’s forward view while traveling!
    • Operators cannot be out of the seat with a raised load!
34. Slide 34

    Struck By Hazards

    • Vehicles & Equipment
    • Equipment
    • configuration can make it difficult to see behind the forklift as well.
35. Slide 35

    Struck By Hazards

    • Vehicles & Equipment
    • Always use a spotter or flagger when the operator does not have a clear view of their path of travel.
    • Anytime work operations encroach onto a public roadway the employer may need a traffic control plan approved by the city/county/state.
36. Slide 36

    Struck By Hazards

    • Vehicles & Equipment
    • Most local and state laws require a flagger when construction equipment uses public streets or highways.
    • The training should be specific to where the work is being performed.
37. Slide 37

    Struck By Hazards

    • Vehicles & Equipment
    • Most states require flaggers to complete a class that teaches basic procedures and safety rules.
    • A stop /slow paddle must be used when directing vehicular traffic.
38. Slide 38

    Struck By Hazards Vehicles & Equipment

    • OSHA requires all workers to wear reflectorized vests when working near vehicular traffic.
    • There are different types of vests for specific working conditions.
    • Your supervisor or competent person will ensure you are using the correct type.
39. Slide 39

    Struck By Hazards Vehicles & Equipment

    • When possible, erect barricades or fencing to keep workers out of traffic.
    • Plan for deliveries and moving equipment.
    • When barricading a work area, develop an internal traffic control plan to separate employees and vehicles
    • It should address the use of cell phones in the work area.
40. Slide 40

    Struck By Hazards

    • Masonry Wall Bracing
    • The requirement to install bracing applies to all masonry walls over eight feet tall that are not otherwise adequately supported. This is the case whether the wall contains reinforcing steel (rebar) or not. It is the responsibility of the employer to assure that walls not adequately supported to withstand all normally expected forces, which would include prevailing wind pressure loads, building geometry, and wall location, are braced. If the employer determines the wall is capable of withstanding the forces applied during construction, then the wall would be considered to be adequately supported and would not require bracing. The employer must be prepared to substantiate this determination.
41. Slide 41

    Struck By Hazards

    • Masonry Wall Bracing
    • Photos depict hazardous condition
42. Slide 42

    Struck By Hazards

    • Masonry Wall Bracing
    • A “Limited Access Zone” must be established on the unscaffolded side of a masonry wall. The objective of this standard is to prevent masonry walls from collapsing onto persons exposed to them. This can be done by supporting or bracing the walls or by restricting exposure within the probable fall path of the walls. The only employees permitted in the zone are those "actively engaged in constructing the wall". The size of the zone is based on the height of the "unsupported" portion of the wall plus four feet. For example, if the wall being constructed is up to a height of 80 feet, and all but 10 feet of the height is supported, the Limited Access Zone required would be 14 feet.
43. Slide 43

    Caught In Between Hazards

    • Rotating/Unguarded Equipment
    • Mixers represent a hazard due to their rotating parts. NEVER put any part of your body inside a running mixer.
    • Ensure the grate guard is always in place during operation.
44. Slide 44

    Caught In Between Hazards Rotating/Unguarded Equipment

    • Use caution when blocking mixers. Things to watch:
    • Stable ground
    • Stability and condition of blocks
    • Weight of the object to be blocked
    • The environment around your work area, i.e. traffic/pedestrians
    • Block the equipment against
    • motion of any kind
    • Photo depicts hazardous condition
    • Use solid, flat-sided blocking material, not rotten, round or hollow material
45. Slide 45

    Caught In Between Hazards Rotating/Unguarded Equipment

    • Never operate a
    • mixer unless the motor cover is closed covering all rotating parts to include; chains and sprockets, belts and pulleys.
    • Photo depicts hazardous condition
46. Slide 46

    Caught In Between Hazards Rotating/Unguarded Equipment

    • Place all masonry
    • saws on a stable, level surface.
    • Ensure area around saw is kept clean.
    • Wear necessary PPE, including hard hat and safety glasses.
    • Photo depicts hazardous condition
47. Slide 47

    Caught In Between Hazards

    • Rotating/Unguarded Equipment
    • Hand-held
    • equipment, such as a demo saw, can kick back. Always hold firmly with both hands and follow the manufacturer’s guidance on it’s use and PPE.
48. Slide 48

    Caught In Between Hazards

    • Rotating/Unguarded Equipment
    • When
    • operating a masonry saw use the correct PPE and never put your hands where they can contact the rotating blade.
49. Slide 49

    Caught In Between Hazards Rotating/Unguarded Equipment

    • Never disable
    • any guard or protective device on your equipment.
    • This guard is bolted open!
    • Photo depicts hazardous condition
50. Slide 50

    Caught In Between Hazards Equipment Operation/Maintenance

    • Only trained and certified employees are allowed to operate forklifts
    • Always wear your seatbelt when operating equipment
    • Ensure equipment maintenance & inspections are performed per the manufacturer
51. Slide 51

    Caught In Between Hazards Equipment Operation/Maintenance

    • Why does a forklift tip over?
    • Load shifted to the side
    • Unequal tire pressure
    • Turning
    • Speeding
    • Unlevel terrain
    • Off-center loads
    • Mast too high with rear tilt
    • Exceeding load capacity
    • Photo depicts hazardous condition
    • Heavy braking
    • Excessive forward tilt
    • Traveling down an incline with load forward
52. Slide 52

    Caught In Between Hazards

    • Equipment Operation/Maintenance
    • You must stay in the forklift to survive when it rolls over! Always wear the seatbelt!
    • Photos depict hazardous condition
53. Slide 53

    Caught In Between Hazards Equipment Operation/Maintenance

    • Never be in a
    • position where an equipment operator cannot see you! DO NOT stand between vehicles!
    • Photo depicts hazardous condition
54. Slide 54

    Caught In Between Hazards Equipment Operation/Maintenance

    • Never be in a
    • position where equipment can crush or kill you!
    • Follow the manufacturer’s guidance when performing maintenance.
    • Photo depicts hazardous condition
55. Slide 55

    Caught In Between Hazards

    • Equipment Operation/Maintenance
    • Ensure the
    • backup alarm is working on all equipment.
56. Slide 56

    Caught In Between Hazards Equipment Operation/Maintenance

    • When unloading trailers, always watch for shifting material as well as overhead loads.
    • Always use tag lines on loads. Stay out of the area between the load and the pervious set of sections.
    • Communicate with the crane operator.
    • Train everyone in the procedures being used and in minimizing all fall hazards.
    • Photos courtesy of EZ Scaffold
57. Slide 57

    Caught In Between Hazards Equipment Operation/Maintenance

    • When moving
    • scaffolding with a forklift, use a spotter since the operator’s view is limited.
    • Photos courtesy of EZ Scaffold
58. Slide 58

    Caught In Between Hazards Equipment Operation/Maintenance

    • More than one
    • spotter may be necessary to safely get the job done.
    • Photos courtesy of EZ Scaffold
59. Slide 59

    Caught In Between Hazards Loading/Unloading Equipment

    • Trailer secure and on
    • a level surface
    • Inspect the deck for debris, blocking or chains
    • Have a spotter help properly align the equipment up/down the ramps
    • Be sure equipment is properly secured
60. Slide 60

    Caught In Between Hazards Loading/Unloading Equipment

    • Keep all people not involved in the loading/unloading operations away from the area. Spotters stay out of the tip radius of the equipment. Spotters do not stand between a stationery object and the piece of equipment be loaded. Working in darkness creates other hazards such as reduced visibility. Keep the area well lit and make sure the operator can see everyone.
61. Slide 61

    Caught In Between Hazards Excavations

    • When masonry work is done below grade, the OSHA requirements for working in excavations must be complied with.
    • A Competent Person must inspect the area before each shift and throughout the day as necessary.
    • Photo depicts hazardous condition
62. Slide 62

    Caught In Between Hazards Excavations

    • The excavation must be properly sloped or benched to provide the required employee protection.
    • Workers must have proper means of access/egress to get in and out, such as a ladder or ramp.
    • Photo depicts hazardous condition
63. Slide 63

    Caught In Between Hazards

    • Rotating Equipment
    • Never enter the swing radius of any rotating equipment.
    • Make eye contact with the operator prior to approaching the equipment.
64. Slide 64

    Safe Work Practices

    • Be aware of all overhead hazards
    • Properly store/stack material
    • Read & obey all warning signs
    • Always wear seatbelt when operating equipment
    • Watch for pedestrians when operating equipment
    • Ensure backup alarm works and use a spotter when the operator’s view is obstructed
    • Use personal protective equipment (PPE) as required
65. Slide 65

    Safe Work Practices

    • Always be aware of rotating/moving parts
    • Only operate mixers with the cover closed and mixing grate provided
    • Follow manufacturers guidance when performing equipment maintenance
    • Always wear reflectorized vests when working near traffic
    • Flaggers must be trained and certified in Colorado
    • If you have questions, ask your supervisor before performing any work
66. Slide 66

    REVIEW QUESTIONS

    • True or False?
    • 1. Rigging for all hoisted loads must be done by a qualified rigger.
    • 2. Uneven tire pressure is one cause for a forklift to overturn.
    • 3. If a lifting sling is lying on the floor of the conex, it must be OK to use.
    • 4. Slings should have tags with capacities, inspection requirements, service dates, etc.
67. Slide 67

    REVIEW QUESTIONS

    • True or False?
    • 5. A worker may stand under a suspended load only if he is directing the operator.
    • 6. It is OK to remove your hardhat when walking to/from the scaffold during lunch.
    • 7. Employers must provide required Personal Protective Equipment to employees.
    • 8. Workers must be trained on how to use, wear and take care of Personal Protective Equipment.
68. Slide 68

    REVIEW QUESTIONS

    • True or False?
    • 9. Forklift operators lifting a load can only leave their seat if a spotter is used.
    • 10. A flagger must be used if equipment is operated on a public street.
    • 11. Your seatbelt keeps you inside the forklift during a rollover.
    • 12. If a crane is lifting a load, but not rotating, its OK to walk quickly behind the cab.